Italy

Advertising of medicinal products is governed by Tegislative Decree n. 541 1992, and Italy, as part of the EU, has implemented Directive 2001/83/EC (as amended). 

The Association of the Pharmaceutical Industry, Farmindustria, has issued a code of practice containing provisions for the advertisement of prescription-only medicines. This code of practice is not legally binding and applies only to members of the association. 

The same report also points out that organisations representing small and medium sized enterprises in the craft sector in Italy have identified particular difficulties facing employers md employees in these firms in obtaining and using good quality information on chemical hazards and safe use of chemicals. It concludes with the statement that priority actions in Italy for the future must include  

more specific studies reach a similar conclusion. For example Pegna and Terracina (2004) point out the absence, until quite recently, of any practical guidelines or criteria on managing chemical risks in relation to cxunpliance with the Italian laws to implement EU Directives on chemical agents. 

See Walters (2001 65-71) for a review of the sources of such information and their liniitations. 

Complicating factom for both the development of new legislation and the practice of seeming compliance with it include the  

From the international comparisons of the chemical industry made earlier in this chapter, it can be seen that apart from the U.K. and the U.S.A., the other major producers in order of importance are Japan, Germany, France Italy and the Netherlands. Several aspects of the chemical industry in these countries are already apparent from the figures and tables which were used in these comparisons. 

Although Japan s chemical industry is second only to that of the U.S.A., most of its production is for home use. Even the Netherlands, whose chemicals production is far below that of Japan, outranks it both for exports and imports. Another feature of the Japanese chemical industry is its organizational structure. Although it took some time for a Japanese company to feature in the top twenty chemical companies. Table 4.10 shows that four are now included, and all of these improved their positions in 1993. However, there are still none amongst the top 10. Contrast this with Germany where 4 companies are also listed, but with 3 of these in the top 4 and they dominate the German chemical industry. The Japanese chemical industry must therefore consist of a large number of medium- and smallsized companies. 

Like Japan, Germany has no indigenous oil or natural gas, and the performance of its chemical industries is therefore even better than appears at first sight. The German industry is dominated by the three giants Hoechst, BASF, and Bayer who in 1993 occupied first, second and fourth places in the world s top 20 chemical companies. As might be expected they are multinationals in every sense. 

As we have already seen, the French chemical industry is similar in size to that of the U.K. Its two major companies are RhOne-Poulenc and the oil company Elf-Aquitaine, which has extensive chemical interests. 

The Italian industry is approximately two-thirds of the size of the U.K. industry. It has only one really big chemical company—Enimont—which was formed at the beginning of 1989 by merging Enichem with 60% of Montedison. 

Vigneaud, V.V.S. Murti, trained numerous students in peptide chemistry, some of whom, e.g. S. Natarajan and N. Chandramouh, are now actively engaged in peptide studies in the USA. 

At the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, M. Frankel, Y. Wolman, Y.S. Klausner, C. Gilon and M. Chorev were engaged in the development of synthetic methods, such as the design and preparation of polymeric carbodiimides and water-soluble active esters. 

In the early sixties Ernesto Scoffone, (Plate 40) professor at the University of Padua, with his associates, F. Marchiori and R. Rocchi, embarked on a study of active esters and soon employed them for the synthesis of biologically important molecules such as the S-peptide. This 20-residue fragment of ribonuclease A is cleaved by subtilisin from the N-terminal part of the chain of the enzyme. The paduan school soon became a significant center of peptide research where a number of S-peptide analogs have been prepared and utilized in investigations of the ribonuclease S system. Several of Scoffone s coworkers, G. Borin, A. Fontana, C. Di Bello, L. Moroder, E. Peggion, A. Scatturin, A.M. Tamburro, C. Toniolo and G. Vidali turned into frequent contributors of the peptide field. 

In Ferrara in the seventies C. Benassi, M. Guarneri and, for some years, R. Rocchi, carried out interesting work on novel types of reactive esters and also on protease inhibitors. Currently, R. Tomatis is interested in opioid peptides. In 1975 Rocchi was appointed professor in Padua where Di Bello, Peggion and Toniolo, all former associates of Scoffone, received similar appointments and are active in the study of structure-reactivity relationships via synthetic peptides. Fontana, also in Padua, is involved in protein chemistry, Moroder transferred his activities to the Max Planck Institute in Martinsried, Munich, Scatturin moved to Ferrara and Tamburro to Potenza. 

In Milan, F. Chillemi and G. Pietta made significant improvements in solid phase synthesis. In the same city, at the research laboratory of the San Rafaele Hospital, R. Colombo investigated the synthesis of biologically active peptides by the liquid phase method and developed novel ways of protection of the histidine side chain. The laboratories of pharmaceutical company Farmitalia in Milan also became a major center of peptide research. 

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The use of an unnecessarily hot utility or heating medium should be avoided. This may have been a major factor that led to the runaway reaction at Seveso in Italy in 1976, which released toxic material over a wide area. The reactor was liquid phase and operated in a stirred tank (Fig. 9.3). It was left containing an uncompleted batch at around 160 C, well below the temperature at which a runaway reaction could start. The temperature required for a runaway reaction was around 230 C. ... 

Utilization of LPG as motor fuel represents only a tiny fraction of the market, on the order of 30,000 t/an in France out of a total 3,000,000 t that is, about 1%. Globally, the fraction of LPG used in the transportation industry is on the order of 5% the other applications are essentially petrochemicals (25%) and the heating fuel sectors (70%). However noticeable openings in the LPG-fuel markets in some countries such as Japan (1.8 Mt), the United States (1.3 Mt), the Netherlands (0.9 Mt), Italy (0.8 Mt) and in certain regions (Latin America, Africa, and the Far East) have been observed for specialized vehicles such as taxis. 

Around 2000, the regulations should become more severe. In this area, a European limit of benzene of 3% appears very probable certain countries such as Germany are even looking at 1%. In Italy, it was decided towards the end of 1991, to limit benzene to 2.5% for leaded and unleaded fuels in the seven largest cities characterized by having heavy atmospheric pollution concurrently, in these same cities, the overall aromatic contents of gasolines should not exceed 33%. 

F. Cattaneo, C. De Michelis - CISE. G.M. Piana, S. Ghia - ENEL. Italy. 

Eddy Currents ttike their name from the swirls (eddies) observed in turbulent water flow. The Greek mythology tells us about Charybdis. A monster eddy current between Italy and Sicily whose attractive field pulled unwary sailors to their destruction. Our kind of eddy currents are usually not so dangerous, they flow in electrical conductors and are a branch of Electromagnetics. Where does that spring from Could it make eddy currents the very oldest NDT technique ... 

Stell G 1999 New results on some ionic fluid problems, new approaches to problems in liquid state theory Proc. NATO Advanced Study Institute (Patte Marina, Messina, Italy 1998) ed C Caccamo, J P Hansen and G Stell (Dordrecht Kluwer)... 

Muus L T (ed) 1977 Chemically Induced Magnetic Polarization Proc. NATO Advanced Study Institute (Sogesta, Urbino, Italy, April 17-30, 1977) (Boston, MA Reidel)... 

Binder K and Ciccotti G (ed) 1995 Monte Carlo and Molecular Dynamics of Condensed Matter Systems Proc. Euroconference (Como, Italy, 3-28 July 1995) vol 49 (Bologna Italian Physical Society)... 

Berne B J, Ciccotti G and Coker D F (ed) 1998 Classical and Quantum Dynamics in Condensed Phase Simulations Proc. Euroconference (Lerici, Italy, 7-18 July, 1997) (Singapore World Scientific)... 

The work presented in this paper was the result of the joint effort with the following colleagues. For the simulations on catalysis Simonetta larlori (IBM Italy), Franco Buda (Scuola NormaJe Superiore, Pisa, Italy) and Gerard van Doremaele (DSM Research) were involved. For the work on polyethylene the simulations were performed by Joost Hageman, with help from Martina Heinemann and Rob de Groot (all University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands). 

Figure 9-20. Left Kohonen map showing the projection ofthe olive oil samples. Middle Map of Italy showing the regions of origin for the olive oils, Right Key giving the regions and their codes,...

After deleting these entries, one returns to step 1 and earries out the proeess again. For the p2 example, the box after deleting the first nine produet states looks as follows (those that appear in italies should be viewed as already eaneelled in eounting all of the P states) ... 

Gr. technetos, artificial) Element 43 was predicted on the basis of the periodic table, and was erroneously reported as having been discovered in 1925, at which time it was named masurium. The element was actually discovered by Perrier and Segre in Italy in 1937. It was found in a sample of molybdenum, which was bombarded by deuterons in the Berkeley cyclotron, and which E. Eawrence sent to these investigators. Technetium was the first element to be produced artificially. Since its discovery, searches for the element in terrestrial material have been made. Finally in 1962, technetium-99 was isolated and identified in African pitchblende (a uranium rich ore) in extremely minute quantities as a spontaneous fission product of uranium-238 by B.T. Kenna and P.K. Kuroda. If it does exist, the concentration must be very small. Technetium has been found in the spectrum of S-, M-, and N-type stars, and its presence in stellar matter is leading to new theories of the production of heavy elements in the stars. 

Planet Uranus) Yellow-colored glass, containing more than 1% uranium oxide and dating back to 79 A.D., has been found near Naples, Italy. Klaproth recognized an unknown element in pitchblende and attempted to isolate the metal in 1789. 

I owe a lot to Federica Bertondn and Giovanni Boccaletti. During their stay as Erasmus students in Groningen they brought a little bit of Italy with them (I remember some very good meals). Also from a chemical point of view their stays were successful. The compounds prepared and purified by Federica are at the basis of the work described in this thesis. The work of Giovanni has paved the way to enantioselective Lewis-acid catalysis in water, which is perhaps the most significant result of this thesis. 

Alfred Nobel died in San Remo, Italy in 1896, and his will established the Prizes in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, and literature and the Peace Prize. They were first given in 1901 and now... 

Another way in which academic chemists keep in touch with industry is through consulting. During the years I consulted at different times for Exxon, Chevron, Cyanamid, ENICHEM (Italy), and Pechiney-Kuhlman (Erance, when a friend, Lucien Sobel, was a research director). I enjoyed these contacts, because they kept me aware of current industrial developments and interests. At the same time, it was also rewarding to be able to suggest to my industrial friends new approaches and directions that on occasion were useful and resulted in practical applications. 

Price category production, departmental, institutional Platforms PC (Linux, Windows-98, Windows-NT), UNIX Contact information Theoretical Chemistry Group Dipartimento di Chimica IFM Via Giuria 5-1-10125 Torino, Italy crystal ch.unito.it... 

Istituto di Chimica Organica, Universitd, Bologna, Italy... 

J. P. Anne, Universiiy of Aix-Marseilles III, France J. Chouteau, University of Aix-Marseilles III, France i. Crousier, University of Aix-Marseilles I, France H. J. M. Don, University of Alx-Marseilles III, France L. Foriani, University of Bologna, Italy J. Metzger, University of Aix-Marseilles III, France R. Meyer, University of Aix-Marseilles III. France G. MQle, University of Aix-Marseilles III, France P. Todesco, University of Bologna, Italy G. Vemin, University of Aix-Marseilles III, France E. J. Vincent, University of Aix-Marseilles III, France... 

The major net exporters in the countries of the European Community (EC-12) are Italy and Spain. The United States only produces about 2% of the world s rice crop. However, because most of the world s rice is consumed within the borders of the producing countries (Asia produces and consumes about 90% of the world s rice), the United States, which exports approximately half of its production, is one of the lea ding rice exporting countries. 

The quantity of wine consumed as a fraction of that produced for several countries is given in Table 4. Erance, Italy, Spain, Austraha, and South ... 

Only very recently have the government and other health agencies bowed to the preponderance of clinical, experimental, epidemiological, and historical evidence that moderate consumption of wine is not only not detrimental, but is beneficial. The proven benefit is in lowered incidence of cardiovascular complications in wine consumers. This apparently accounts for the relative health in this regard of people in Erance, Italy, and other Mediterranean countries even though their diet is otherwise less healthful (more fat particularly). 

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