Pharmaceutical company

The development of a new drug is both a time-consuming and a cost-intensive process. It takes 12 to 15 years and costs up to 800 million to bring a new drug to the market. As measured by the market capitalization, the pharmaceutical companies play a pivotal role in the global economy. In February 2003 Pfizer was ranked at position five worldwide, with a market capitalization of 163 billion. Ranking third as far as the market capitalization in Europe is concerned was GlaxoSmithKline, with a current value of 101 billion. Novartis was number five in Europe with 82 billion. 

Historically, drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity ADMET) studies in animal models were performed after the identification of a lead compound. In order to avoid costs, nowadays pharmaceutical companies evaluate the ADMET profiles of potential leads at an earlier stage of the development... 

The generic name of a drug is not directly de rived from systematic nomenclature Furthermore different pharmaceutical companies will call the same drug by their own trade name which is differ ent from its generic name Generic names are in vented on request (for a fee) by the U S Adopted Names Council a private organization founded by the American Medical Association the American Pharmaceutical Association and the U S Pharma copeial Convention... 

The market for antiulcer agents (Fig. 1) is large and is comprised of both prescription and over the counter (OTC) products. The estimated prescription market is over 3 biUion aimuaHy in the United States, whereas the more difficult to estimate OTC market is in the range of 500 million aimuaHy. Several pharmaceutical companies are attempting to obtain approval for OTC use of prescription-only agents, and patent protection for several of the histamine antagonists mns out in the mid-1990s. 

U.S.A., in lactating dairy cattie to increase milk production. EH Lilly and Company, The Upjohn Company, and American Cyanamid Company also have interests in the commercial appHcation of recombinant bovine GH. Recombinant porcine GH [9061-23-8] preparations from several companies, eg. The Upjohn Company, Smith Kline Beecham Animal Health, Pitman-Moore, Inc., Monsanto Company, and American Cyanamid Company, are being evaluated for commercial use. Recombinant human GH for clinical use is marketed under such names as Protropin (Genentech), Umatrope (EH Lilly), Genotropin (Sumitomo), and Somatonorm (Kabi-Vitmm) by a variety of pharmaceutical companies. A listing of additional suppHers is available (2). 

Other Uses. Other uses of hGH, eg, for bums, wound healing, cachexia, osteoporosis, aging, malnutrition, and obesity, are being investigated. These uses are ia various stages of development and trials are being carried out by several different pharmaceutical companies. 

PhRMA is a trade association of over 100 research-based pharmaceutical companies. For membership a company must manufacture and market finished dosage-form products under its own brand names and must conduct a significant amount of research and development in the United States. 

In the United States, through the NDA review process, pharmaceutical companies that seek FDA approval for new dmg products are assessed user fees by FDA to gain faster approval, by virtue of the U.S. Prescription Dmg User Fee Act of 1992. These assessments are used to increase the new dmg review staff of the FDA, which has agreed to reduce the NDA review time to 12 months by 1997 (6). 

Chlorhydrol, Rebels Chemical Company, division of Armour Pharmaceutical Company, Chicago, fll., 1970. 

In addition to being used for screening purposes for new dmg development, labeled dmgs and ligands are widely used by pharmaceutical companies for metabohc, bioavailabihty, and toxicological studies to support new dmg appHcations for FDA approval. 

KYM International Directory of Pharmaceutical Companies 1988 1989, KYM Consultancy Ltd, Kent, UK Corporate Technology Directory, U.S. Edition, Corporate Technology Information Services, Wellesley Hills, Mass., 1991. 

Wilbert, G. and De Angel is, J. U.S. Patent 2,998,450 August 29,1961 assigned to Warner-Lambert Pharmaceutical Company. 

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