Italy, elements

The present investigation was undertaken to estimate the intake of trace elements from the total diet of the population in northern Italy elements such as Al, B, Cd, Co, Li, Mo, Mn, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sb, Sn, Sr, and V are not frequently reported in the open literature. The contribution of the most representative food groups (cereals and cereal products, vegetables, fruit, milk and dairy products,... 

Gr. technetos, artificial) Element 43 was predicted on the basis of the periodic table, and was erroneously reported as having been discovered in 1925, at which time it was named masurium. The element was actually discovered by Perrier and Segre in Italy in 1937. It was found in a sample of molybdenum, which was bombarded by deuterons in the Berkeley cyclotron, and which E. Eawrence sent to these investigators. Technetium was the first element to be produced artificially. Since its discovery, searches for the element in terrestrial material have been made. Finally in 1962, technetium-99 was isolated and identified in African pitchblende (a uranium rich ore) in extremely minute quantities as a spontaneous fission product of uranium-238 by B.T. Kenna and P.K. Kuroda. If it does exist, the concentration must be very small. Technetium has been found in the spectrum of S-, M-, and N-type stars, and its presence in stellar matter is leading to new theories of the production of heavy elements in the stars. 

Planet Uranus) Yellow-colored glass, containing more than 1% uranium oxide and dating back to 79 A.D., has been found near Naples, Italy. Klaproth recognized an unknown element in pitchblende and attempted to isolate the metal in 1789. 

Evaporite Basin Sulfur Deposits. Elemental sulfur occurs in another type of subsurface deposit similar to the salt-dome stmctures in that the sulfur is associated with anhydrite or gypsum. The deposits are sedimentary, however, and occur in huge evaporite basins. It is befleved that the sulfur in these deposits, like that in the Gulf Coast salt domes, was derived by hydrocarbon reduction of the sulfate material and assisted by anaerobic bacteria. The sulfur deposits in Italy (Sicily), Poland, Iraq, the CIS, and the United States (western Texas) are included in this category. 

At the beginning of the twentieth century, the world s sulfur demand of about two million metric tons was met by sulfur produced from elemental deposits in Sicily, Italy, and from pyrite mined on the Iberian Peninsula. By 1995, sulfur was recovered in more than 78 countries. 

Volcanic sources of the free element are also widespread they have been of great economic importance until thi.s century but are now little used. They occur throughout the mountain ranges bordering the Pacific Ocean, and also in Iceland and the Mediterranean region, notably in T irkey, Italy and formerly also in Sicily and Spain. 

The Noddacks also claimed to have detected element 43 and named it masurium after Masuren in Prussia. This claim proved to be incorrect, however, and the element was actually detected in 1937 in Italy by C. Perrier and E. Segre in a sample of molybdenum which had been bombarded with deuterons in the cyclotron of E. O. Lawrence in California. It was present in the form of the emitters Tc and Tc... 

IAEA efforts related to both CRMs and others, such as hair for total mercury and methyl mercury (prepared in India), and lichen for multi-element certification (prepared in Portugal) to assist biomonitoring programs in Brazil, Chile, China, Czech Republic, India, Italy, Malaysia, Slovenia, and Vietnam,... 

Helens emissions An estimation of the magma reservoir volume. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 28 85-89 Le Cloarec M-F, Allard P, Ardouin B, Giggenbach WF, Sheppard DS (1992) Radioactive isotopes and trace elements in gaseous emissions from White Island, New Zealand. Earth Planet Sci Lett 108 19-28 Le Cloarec M-F, Pennisi M, Corazza E, Lambert G (1994) Origin of fumarolic flnids emitted from a nonerapting volcano Radionuchde constraints at Vulcano (Aeolian Islands, Italy). Geochim Cosmochim Acta 58 4401-4410... 

In the Mediterranean Sea and Middle East area, for example, there are obsidian outflows only in Italy, in some islands in the Aegean Sea, and in Turkey. Artifacts made of obsidian, however, are widely distributed over much of this vast area. Chemical analysis of many of these artifacts has shown that most of the obsidian used to make them originated in one or another of the outflows mentioned, but also in far-distant places such as Armenia and Iran. Plotting on a graph the concentration of selected elements in samples from obsidian sources against that in samples from sites where it was used, enables the identification of the source of the samples (see Fig. 22). Moreover, this type of analysis also makes it possible to trace the routes through which obsidian (and most probably other goods) were traded in antiquity (Renfrew and Dixon 1976). 

Ure A, Berrow M (1982) The elemental constituents of soils. In Bowen HJM (ed) Environmental chemistry. Royal Society of Chemistry, London, pp 94-203 Vacca A, Adamo P, Pigna M, Violante P (2002) Genesis of tephra-derived soils from the Roccamonfina volcano, Central-Southern Italy. Soil Sci Soc Am J 67 198-207... 

In Gubbio, Italy, a 1 cm layer of clay between extensive limestone formations marks the boundary between the Cretaceous and Tertiary Periods. This clay layer was known to have been deposited about 65 million years ago when many life forms became extinct, but the length of time associated with the deposition was not known. In an attempt to measure this time with normally deposited meteoritic material as a clock, extensive measurements of iridium abundances (and those of many other elements) were made on the Gubbio rocks. Neutron activation analysis was the principal tool used in these studies. About 50 elements were searched for in materials like the earth s crust, about 40 were detected and about 30 were measured with useful precision [26-28]2. 

Ispra Mark 13A A flue-gas desulfurization process developed at the Joint Research Centre of the European Community at Ispra, Italy, from 1979. It uses a novel electrochemical method to regenerate the solution used for absorbing the sulfur dioxide. The products are concentrated sulfuric acid and hydrogen. The absorbent is a dilute aqueous solution of sulfuric and hydrobromic acids, containing a small amount of elemental bromine. Sulfur dioxide reacts with the bromine thus ... 

With this work we have applied a combination of synchrotron-based p-XRD, p-XRF, and p-XANES analyses to determine the mineralogy and the elemental distribution of metals in partially altered sulfide-mineralization fragments deposited within an open-air waste-rock dump (Libiola mine, eastern Liguria, Italy). 

Technetium (Tc, [Kr]4 /65.vl), name and symbol after the Greek Tsxrmos (tech-nikos, artificial). Detected in Italy (1937) by Carlo Perrier and Emilio Segre in a sample of Mo which had been irradiated with deuterons at the E.O. Lawrence cyclotron in California. It was the first artificially produced element. 

Mercury is the 68th most abundant element. Although it can occur in its natural state, it is more commonly found as a sulfide of mercury. Its chief ore is cinnabar (HgS), which sometimes is called vermihon due to its red color. Historically, cinnabar was used as a red pigment. Today it is mined in Italy, Spain, and California. The best-known mercury mine is located at Almaden, Spain. It has been in continuous operation since 400 bce. 

Work on this element was then begun by Emilio Gino Segre in Italy. Segre was born at Tivoli, Italy, in 1905. He took his doctorate in Rome in 1928 and remained there until 1935. At that time he was named professor of physics at the Royal University of Palermo, where he remained until 1938. He then came to the Radiation Laboratory of the University of California at Berkeley, where he remained, except for the years from 1943 to 1945, which he spent at Los Alamos. He is now professor of physics at the University of California. 

LOPPI, S. 2001. Environmental distribution of mercury and other trace elements in the geothermal area of Bagnore (Mt. Amiata, Italy). Chemosphere, 45, 991-995. 

Loppi, S. Bonini, I. 2000. Lichens and mosses as biomonitors of trace elements in areas with thermal springs and fumarolic activity (Mt. Amiata, Central Italy). Chemosphere, 41, 1333-1336. 

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