Petrochemicals Italy

Utilization of LPG as motor fuel represents only a tiny fraction of the market, on the order of 30,000 t/an in France out of a total 3,000,000 t that is, about 1%. Globally, the fraction of LPG used in the transportation industry is on the order of 5% the other applications are essentially petrochemicals (25%) and the heating fuel sectors (70%). However noticeable openings in the LPG-fuel markets in some countries such as Japan (1.8 Mt), the United States (1.3 Mt), the Netherlands (0.9 Mt), Italy (0.8 Mt) and in certain regions (Latin America, Africa, and the Far East) have been observed for specialized vehicles such as taxis. 

ALMA [Alusuisse maleic anhydride] A process for making maleic anhydride by oxidizing -butane, using a fluid bed reactor and a special organic solvent recovery system. The catalyst contains vanadium and phosphoms on iron oxide. Developed jointly by Alusuisse Italia and ABB Lummus Crest. First licensed to Shin-Daikowa Petrochemical Company, Yokkaichi, Japan, in 1988. The world s largest plant plant was built for Lonza in Ravenna, Italy, in 1994. 

MPC [Mitsui Petrochemical] A continuous process for polymerizing propylene, based on the Ziegler-Natta process, but using a much more active catalyst so that de-ashing (catalyst removal) is not required. The catalyst contains magnesium in addition to titanium successive versions of it have been known as HY-HS (high yield, high stereospecifity), HY-HS II, and T-catalyst. Developed jointly by Mitsui Petrochemical Industries, Japan, and Montedison SpA, Italy, in 1975, and now licensed in 56 plants worldwide. 

Spheripol A process for making polypropylene and propylene co-polymers. Homopolymerization is conducted in the liquid phase in a loop tubular reactor co-polymerization is conducted in the gas phase in a fluidized-bed reactor. The catalyst is treated with a special silane. The product is in the form of beads of up to 5 mm in diameter. Developed by Montecatini, Italy, and first licensed by Himont, United States, and Mitsui Petrochemical Industries, Japan. In 1989, 29 licenses had been granted worldwide. Now offered for license by Montell, a joint venture between Montedison and Shell. See also Addipol. 

Priola, Italy, Petrochemical Plant, Fire/BLEVE... 

He was a Professor of Industrial Chemistry, School of Engineering, Polytechnic Institute of Milan, Milan, Italy since 1937. He became involved with applied research, which led to the production of synthetic rubber in Italy, at the Institute in 1938. He was also interested in the synthesis of petrochemicals such as butadiene and, later, oxo alcohols. At the same time he made important contributions to the understanding of the kinetics of some catalytic processes in both the heterogeneous (methanol synthesis) and homogeneous (oxosynthesis) phase. In 1950, as a result of his interest in petrochemistry, he initiated the research on the use of simple olefins for the synthesis of high polymers. This work led to the discovery, in 1954, of stereospecific polymerization. In this type of polymerization nonsymmetric monomers (e.g., propylene, 1-butene, etc.) produce linear high polymers with a stereoregular structure. 

Fig. 1.1. Distribution, petrochemical affinity and ages of the main Plio-Quatemary magmatic centres in Italy. Location of the Eocene igneous body of Pietre Nere (Apulia) and of the Oligocene to Miocene magmatic provinces of Sardinia, Western Alps and Veneto is also indicated. Open symbols refer to outcrops below the sea level.

Calanchi N, Romagnoli C, Rossi PL (1995) Morphostructural and some petrochemical data from the submerged area around Alicudi and Filicudi volcanic islands (Aeolian Arc, southern Tyrrhenian Sea). Mar Geol 123 215-238 Calanchi N, Tranne CA, Lucchini F, Rossi PL, Villa IM (1999) Explanatory notes to the geological map (1 10,000) of Panarea and Basiluzzo islands (Aeolian Arc, Italy). Acta Vulcanol 11 223-243... 

Francalanci L, Avanzinelli R, Petrone CM, Santo A (2004) Petrochemical and magmatological characteristics of the Aeolian Arc volcanoes, southern Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy inferences on shallow level processes and magma source variations. Per Mineral 73 75-104... 

Today, Nd-BR is industrially produced in Brazil, China, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, South Africa, South Korea, Taiwan and the USA. The current producers of Nd-BR are listed in alphabetical order Chi Mei, Japan Synthetic Rubber [95], Jinzhou Petrochemical Co. (part of PetroChina), Kar-bochem, Korea Kumho, Lanxess (formerly Bayer), Nizhnekamskneftekhim, Petroflex, and Polimeri Europa (formerly Enichem etc.). Amongst these producers Lanxess and Polimeri have been operating at full production since the early to mid 1980s. Chi Mei, Japan Synthetic Rubber, Jinzhou Petrochem-... 

Montecatini Edison S.p.A., Research Center of Petrochemical Division, Porto Marghera Venezia, Italy... 

In Europe, of course, it was difficult to show such disregard for market laws. The views of the European Economic Community Commission in Brussels had to be taken into account, and they upheld the principle of free competition as set down in article 85 of the Rome Treaty. Moreover, in Western Europe there were a number of petrochemical industries that operated according to the rules of private capitalism while there were others, as in France, Italy, Austria, Norway, and Finland, that were state-controlled and more concerned about retaining market share than ensuring profitability. 

The 1983 agreement between ENI and Montedison put some order in Italy s chemical industry, as ENI took over the PVC and polyethylene operations of Montedison. Previously in France, Rhone-Poulenc had sold its petrochemicals division and its thermoplastics to the Elf Aquitaine group. At the same time, steam crackers were being shut down in Feyzin and Lavera, and a vinyl chloride unit in Jarrie. The association between BP Chimie and Atochem in polypropylene and the exchange of Atochem s Chocques unit for ICI s Rozenburg polyethylene unit were other instances of rationalization. 

The rather belated restructuring measures consisted, in their first stage, in the sale of the state s 17 percent share in Montedison to private interests. Then Italy s petrochemicals and plastics companies were shared out between Montedison and ENI s chemical subsidiary Enichem. 

This chapter concentrates on the possibility of producing SCP from petrochemical feed stocks, such as n-paraffin, methane, or methanol. Between 1960 and 1980, the idea to produce SCP from crude oil sources found a lot of attention and several large-scale plants with capacities of several 100,00 tons/year were built, for instance in southern Italy. Hopes were high at the time, but the development made only slow progress. One of the reasons could be the choice of the location, which is far away from both, the source of the feedstock and the consumers of the product. Another is that oil and natural gas are expensive feed stocks, because they also have other uses. Anyway, the technology for protein production from chemicals exists and may be applied with more success in other areas of the world, where more favorable starting conditions exist. 

Following the war, Solvay expanded its output in its European factories and built new ones in Italy, Greece, and other countries. It maintained ties with all its earlier allies except, of course, with Russia, where its properties had been confiscated. Before World War I, however, it had done little to commercialize new chemicals through process technologies, as Dow had done in the United States. But it did move into polymer/petrochemicals quickly after World War II. In 1949 Solvay initiated the production of polyvinyl chloride, becoming a European leader in that basic polymer commodity. The company then entered into the production of HDPB in 1959 and PP in 1966. Shortly thereafter, it began to produce a variety of end-products in the manner of the American companies for use in both consumer and industrial chemical lines. In 1974 Solvay returned to the U.S. markets, setting up headquarters in Deer Park, Texas. By that time its soda ash and caustic soda processes had become obsolete.3 ... 

The Ansaldo coinpany in Italy is studying H2 fueled PAFC power plants conceived as 850 kW standard modules for applications in the chemical industries, e.g., chloralkali plants, anunonia plants, petrochemical plants. The fuel consumption will be 750 Nm /h of hydrogen per MW electric power. Operation in the CHP mode would yield cogenerated heat at 140 °C in the amount of 0.7 MW per MW electric power [14]. 

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