Chemically induced

B1.16 Chemically-induced nuclear and electron polarization (CIDNP and CIDEP)... 

Lawler R G 1967 Chemically Induced dynamic nuclear polarization J. Am. Chem. Soc. 89 5519-21... 

Closs G L and Trifunac A D 1970 Theory of chemically Induced nuclear spin polarization. III. Effect of Isotropic g shifts In the components of radical pairs with one hyperfine Interaction J. Am. Chem. Soc. 92 2183-4... 

Kaptein R and Oosterhoff J L 1969 Chemically Induced dynamic polarization II (relation with anomalous ESR spectra) Chem. Phys. Lett. 4 195-7... 

Goez M 1995 An introduction to chemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization Concepts Magn. Reson. 7 69-86... 

Kaptein R 1971 Simple rules for chemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization J. Chem. See. Chem. Commun. 732-3... 

Morozova O B, Tsentalovich Y P, Yurkovskaya A V and Sagdeev R Z 1998 Consecutive biradicals during the photolysis of 2,12-dihydroxy-2,12-dimethylcyclododecanone low- and high-field chemically induced dynamic nuclear polarizations (CIDNP) study J. Rhys. Chem. A 102 3492-7... 

Pedersen J B and Freed J H 1973 Theory of chemically induced dynamic electron polarization. I J. 

Wong S K, Hutchinson D A and Wan J K S 1973 Chemically induced dynamic electron polarization. II. A general theory for radicals produced by photochemical reactions of excited triplet carbonyl compounded. Chem. Phys. 58 985-9... 

Blattler C, Jent F and Paul H 1990 A novel radical-triplet pair mechanism for chemically induced electron polarization (CIDEP) of free radicals in solution Chem. Phys. Lett. 166 375-80... 

Lepley A R and Closs G L (eds) 1973 Chemically Induced Magnetic Polarization (New York Wiley) An early summary of research In the field of CIDNP. 

Muus L T (ed) 1977 Chemically Induced Magnetic Polarization Proc. NATO Advanced Study Institute (Sogesta, Urbino, Italy, April 17-30, 1977) (Boston, MA Reidel)... 

In aniline derivatives (458) the mechanism of this reaction is still not fully settled (459-461). However, the latest results seem to favor a pathway that, applied to 2-nitraminothiazole, would give Scheme 138, where the key step is the formation of a radical ion (223). Reexamination of the original reports on this reaction (16, 374, 378. 462) with EPR and Chemically Induced Dynamic Nuclear Polarisation techniques could be fruitful. 

Chemical off—on switching of the chemiluminescence of a 1,2-dioxetane (9-benzyhdene-10-methylacridan-l,2-dioxetane [66762-83-2] (9)) was first described in 1980 (33). No chemiluminescence was observed when excess acetic acid was added to (9) but chemiluminescence was recovered when triethylamine was added. The off—on switching was attributed to reversible protonation of the nitrogen lone pair and modulation of chemically induced electron-exchange luminescence (CIEEL). Base-induced decomposition of a 1,2-dioxetane of 2-phen5l-3-(4 -hydroxyphenyl)-l,4-dioxetane (10) by deprotonation of the phenoHc hydroxy group has also been described (34). 

Species Tested. In addition to the variation in susceptibiUty to chemically induced toxicity among members within a given population, there may be marked differences between species with respect to the relative potency of a given material to produce toxic injury. These species differences may reflect variations in physiological and biochemical systems, differences in distribution and metaboHsm, and differences in uptake and excretory capacity. 

T. Colborn and C. Clement, Advances in Modern Environmental Toxicology Volnme XXL Chemically-Induced Alterations in Sexual and Functional Development The Wildlife/Human Connection, Princeton Scientific, New Jersey, 1992. 

W. P. Davis and S.A. Bortone, Advances in Modern Environmental Toxicology Volume XXL Chemically-Induced Alterations in Sexual and Eunctional Development The Wildlife/Human Connection, ed. T. Colborn and C. Clement, Princeton Scientific, New Jersey, 1992, p. 113. D.L. MacLatchy, Z. Yao, L. Tremblay and G.J. Van Der Kraak, in Proceedings of the 5th International Symposinm on Reprodnctive Physiology of Eish, University of Texas, Austin, 1997, p. 189. P. E. Gibbs and G. W. Bryan, in Biomonitoring of Coastal Waters and Estuaries, ed. K. J. M. Kramer, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1994, p. 205. 

F. S. Voin Saal, M. M. Montano and M. H. Wang, in Chemically Induced Alterations in Sexual and... 

J. F. Leatherland, in Chemically-induced Alterations in Sexual and Functional Development The IVildlife-Human Connection, ed. T. Colbom and C. Clement, Prineeton Seientifie, Prineeton, 1992, p. 129. 

Organ-spcctfic Defining organ-specific effects and defining chemically induced critical effects... 

The harmful effects of industrial emissions are not confined to the workers but extend beyond the plant boundary line. Chemically-induced diseases among workers exposed to industrial chemicals are a warning sign of the risks to which a larger population is also being exposed usually the chemical hazards are in principle similar in the occupational and general environment. However, occasionally environmental exposures can be qualitatively different from the occupational environment and may also cause deleterious health effects in the general population. 

In considering these tests it should be remembered that the phenomenon of cavitation-erosion is often accompained by corrosion effects and that a synergistic effect may operate between the mechanically and chemically induced forms of attack. In fact the term cavitation-erosion-corrosion may often be more applicable in describing the requirements of a test procedure. The subject has recently been discussed by Wood etal. °. 

By using direct mechanical action from the artificial muscle, it would be possible to produce reliable sensing and control devices without electrical and electronic equipment. Another interesting application would be to drive prosthetic devices where the action would be similar to the muscle reaction in the body. This unusual type of chemically induced motion should be an interesting one to explore for the solution of unusual problems where conventional approaches do not work. 

Persistent activation of PPARa can induce the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in susceptible rodent species by a nongenotoxic mechanism, i.e., one that does not involve direct DNA damage by peroxisome proliferator chemicals or their metabolites. This hepatocarcinogenic response is abolished in mice deficient in PPARa, underscoring the central role of PPARa, as opposed to that of two other mammalian PPAR forms (PPARy and PPAR5), in peroxisome proliferator chemical-induced hepatocarcinogenesis. Other toxic responses, such as kidney and testicular toxicities caused by exposure to certain phthalate... 

Carboxamides, formation from ArNj 243 2-Carboxybenzenediazonium zwitterion, see 2-Diazoniobenzenecarboxylate Carboxy-de-diazoniation 241 f. Carcinogenicity 319 Chemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization, see CIDNP Chloro-de-diazoniation 194, 230ff., 247, 270, 277... 

CIDNP chemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization... 

Bhawe (14) has simulated the periodic operation of a photo-chemically induced free-radical polymerization which has both monomer and solvent transfer steps and a recombination termination reaction. An increase of 50% in the value of Dp was observed over and above the expected value of 2.0. An interesting feature of this work is that when very short period oscillations were employed, virtually time-invariant products were predicted. 

CHEMICALLY INDUCED DYNAMIC NUCLEAR SPIN POLARIZATION AND ITS APPLICATIONS... 

VI. Chemically Induced Dynamic Electron Spin Polarization (CIDBP)... 

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