Italy pricing

Price category production, departmental, institutional Platforms PC (Linux, Windows-98, Windows-NT), UNIX Contact information Theoretical Chemistry Group Dipartimento di Chimica IFM Via Giuria 5-1-10125 Torino, Italy crystal ch.unito.it... 

The principal producers of aluminum trifluoride in North America are Alcan, Alcoa, and AUiedSignal. It is also produced in other countries, eg, France, Mexico, Norway, Italy, Tunisia, and Japan. Total worldwide production of aluminum trifluoride in 1990 was 400,000 metric tons and the price was 1100/t. In 1993, because of excess recovery of fluorine values, use of energy efficient smelters, and the worldwide economic climate, the price was down to 750/t. 

The world market in 1993 was about 450,000 t. Sodium peroxoborate is made commercially by Atochem, Ausimont, Caffaro, Degussa, Eka Nobel, Foret, L Air Liquide, Solvay Interox (Belgium, Italy, Germany, United Kingdom, United States), and Treibacher Chemische Werke. The U.S. price in 1994 was in the range 1.32—1.43/kg, the German price was DM 1.35—1.60/kg ( 0.78—0.92/kg). 

Lah, et al. (2002) reported a comparable level of economic efficiency on cattle farms in Italy due to favourable prices and additional subsidies. 

Italy Average prices of Germany, Spain, France and the UK, and reference pricing (RP) (proposal)... 

Portugal Lowest price between Spain, France and Italy... 

In order to determine whether or not the growth in pharmaceutical expenditure entails an increase in the price of the resources used in health production, the important factor to determine is the significance or otherwise of the innovation and its marginal contribution to health production. The large number of new products in some markets, such as Spain, Italy and Germany that provide a very small degree of innovation may constitute an indication of increasing prices rather than an increase in value (contribution to the improvement of health status and welfare). 

However, pharmaceutical expenditure is not lower in countries with lower price levels and stricter price control systems the level of consumption can be higher, and the expenditure can actually be higher than in other countries with greater price flexibility. Thus, the level of expenditure is quite high in countries such as Japan, France and Italy. 

Method The authors use information on all non-hospital sales of pharmaceutical products in 1992 in a sample of countries consisting of the USA, Canada, Germany, France, Italy, Japan and the UK. The database was provided by Intercontinental Medical Systems (IMS). The empirical analysis is based on the calculation of the Paasche and Laspeyres price indexes and the ratio between them. The descriptive analysis is completed with the econometric analysis (quasi-hedonic model) of the determining factors of the variation in the relative prices of each active ingredient in each country taking the USA as the point of comparison. 

The differences found in the application of different RP systems cloud the differences between a public financing system and a price-cap regulation system. An RP becomes a price cap when the decision either to include a drug within public financing or to exclude it depends on its price. The use of RP in New Zealand and Italy is a good illustration of this situation. Italy introduced a very restrictive RP system in 1996. In this case, the maximum... 

The price and the market share of products not covered by RP undergo a notable rise. Generally, companies have raised prices of products not subject to RP. In Germany, prices of drags included in RP dropped 1.5 per cent between 1991 and 1992, whereas the price of excluded drags rose 4.1 per cent. In some cases, companies prefer to see their products excluded from public financing in order to be able to increase prices, as has occurred in Sweden, Italy and New Zealand. 

The third group has opted for a mixed system combining fixed sums and percentages of the price. Thus, in Italy patients have to pay a particular sum in lire for type A and type B products, while type C products have a 100 per cent co-payment. Finland employs a linear formula consisting of a fixed minimum amount to which 50 per cent of the price is added. 

Italy Health (safety) Taste Availability, lack of trust in standards, product quality, price for regular users... 

Figure 22. Price of wheat in Italy, France, Netherlands, and England, expressed in guilders per 100 kg vs. time, a.d. 1200-1900.

The two fish are banned in Italy, Japan, and the Republic of Korea. In the rest of the world, they are generally not regarded as suitable for catering. As a result, they are frequently marketed and labeled as other more expensive commercial fish but at lower prices. 

The product patent is in fact a license to charge unrestricted prices for pharmaceuticals. It is unsurprising that until very recently few countries recognized pharmaceutical product patents. Pharmaceutical product patents are a recent introduction in many countries, including France (1968), Germany (1968), the Nordic countries (1968), Japan (1976), Switzerland (1978), Italy (1978), Canada (1987), Spain (1992), Thailand (1992), Argentina (2000), and India (2005). 

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