Mediterranean countries

The 15W40 or 15W50 oils are the most widespread in temperate climates (Western Europe), while the 20W40 or 20W50 oils are used in relatively warm climates (Mediterranean countries. Middle East, South America). The 5W or lOW grades are used in countries having severe winters such as Scandinavia and Canada. 

Only very recently have the government and other health agencies bowed to the preponderance of clinical, experimental, epidemiological, and historical evidence that moderate consumption of wine is not only not detrimental, but is beneficial. The proven benefit is in lowered incidence of cardiovascular complications in wine consumers. This apparently accounts for the relative health in this regard of people in Erance, Italy, and other Mediterranean countries even though their diet is otherwise less healthful (more fat particularly). 

Saffron. Saffron spice is the dried stigmas of Crocus sativus L. (Iridaceae), a bulbous perennial native to southern Europe and Asia Minor and cultivated in the Mediterranean countries, particularly Spain. Tme saffron should not be confused with either meadow saffron, ie, Colchicum autumnale L. (Lihaceae) also called safflower, or bastard saffron, ie, Carthamus tinctorius L. (Compositae), both of which are occasionally used to adulterate tme saffron. 

Orange Flower (Neroli) Oil. "The rose we call the queen of flowers, the jasmin the fairest and prettiest princess, but the orange flower is the most fragile and dainty of out royal family of flowers. If the rose stirs our memories, the jasmin our hopes, the orange flower stirs sentiments—sentiments most romantic " (14). Commercial neroh oil [8016-38 J is obtained by steam distillation of the freshly picked blossoms of the bitter orange Citrus aurantium L. subspecies amara, which is cultivated in Mediterranean countries as well as in Haiti and several other tropical countries. More than 125 components have been identified in the oil the principal ones are shown in Table 4 and Figure 1. 

Ilyuopn , o ctimlis is a plant iniigenons to the Mediterranean countries and Central Asia. The fre.sh plant yields, on distillation, up to 0-3 per cent, ol esgcnlial oil having (he following characlera... 

Locust bean gum is extracted from the endosperm of the seeds of the carob tree, Ceratonia siliqua, which grows in Mediterranean countries. 

Propensity to change Low versus high uncertainty avoidance The extent to which people try to control their environment through predictable ways of working Low uncertainty avoidance. Western European countries (e.g. Sweden the UK the Republic of Ireland Norway and the Netherlands) High uncertainty avoidance. European Mediterranean countries (France, Italy and Spain)... 

In many Mediterranean countries, water reuse regulations to be applied have long been uncertain. Several countries have not yet set up their own water reuse regulations. This raises doubts about the credibility of water reuse criteria and thus about the treatment technologies to be used and the reliability and appropriateness of those aheady implemented. The result is that in several countries, a number of planned water reuse projects are getting postponed. 

Brissaud F (2008) Criteria for water recycling and reuse in the Mediterranean countries. Desalination 218(l-3) 24-33... 

Water scarcity corresponds to the mismatch between demand and supply of water resources. The risks of water shortage in the Mediterranean countries are generally associated to the high water demand despite the limited renewable water resources and the irregular and unequal qualities [1]. 

MEDAWARE (2005) Technical guidelines on wastewater utilisation (task 5). Development of tools and guidelines for the promotion of the sustainable urban wastewater treatment and reuse in the agricultural production in the mediterranean countries. MEDAWARE ME8/ AIDCO/2001/0515/59341-P033... 

Lazarova V, Levine B, Sack J et al (2001) Role of water reuse for enhancing integrated water management in Europe and Mediterranean countries. Water Sci Technol 43 25-33... 

Petta L, Kramer A, Al Baz I (2007) The EM water project - promoting efficient wastewater management and reuse in Mediterranean countries. Desalination 215 56-63... 

Brucella abortus is a cause of spontaneous abortion in cattle. In humans it causes undulant fever, i.e. a fever in which temperature undulates with time. Brucella melitensis infects goats it causes an undulant fever called Malta fever, which is common in people living in Mediterranean countries where large flocks of goats are kept. 

Mastic. Mastic is the resin obtained from the small mastic tree Pistacia lentis-cus, of the sumac family, found chiefly in Mediterranean countries. When the bark of the tree is injured, the resin exudes as drops. Mastic is transparent and pale yellow to green in color. The main ancient uses of mastic were as an adhesive, for making varnish, as a medicine, and for flavoring. 

Manufacturing of olive oil is of fundamental economic importance for many Mediterranean countries (Tunisia, Italy, Greece, Spain. ..). However this process involves an intensive consumption of water and produces large amounts of Olive Mill Wastewater (OMW), that is released without any treatment into the aquatic environment causing deleterious environmental effects [1]. OMWs are a serious environmental and social problem in Mediterranean countries [2], due to the high pollutant load, seasonal discharge, type and quality of the pollutants and difficulties to find technically and economically favourable solution. 

In freshwater and marine surface waters in Europe, concentrations of NP still exceed the PNEC of 0.33 p.gL-1 derived in the EU document cited above [10]. Whereas in several freshwater systems in NW Europe (notably The Netherlands and Germany) in the most recent sampling campaigns observed concentrations of NP tend to be below this PNEC (Chapter 6.2.1), in the Mediterranean countries concentrations well above this level can still be found. Elsewhere in the world the situation is between these two, with the highest concentrations of NPEO and NP occurring in developing countries with untreated wastewater discharged directly to surface waters. 

Rome or elsewhere. Noble pen shells have become so scarce that in Italy and other Mediterranean countries they have the status of a protected species. Possession of a single freshly taken specimen can lead to a stiff fine. 

Several hundred-pesticide compounds of diverse chemical structures are widely used in the United States and Europe for agricultural and non-agricultural purposes (Fig. 10). Some are substitutes for organochlorines, which were banned due to their toxicity, persistence, and bioaccumulation in environmental matrices. According to a report published by the US-EPA, a total of 500,000 tons of pesticides was used in 1985 [144, 145, 148]. As far as specific pesticides are concerned, worldwide consumption of Malathion and Atrazine in 1980 amounted to 24,000 and 90,000 tons, respectively [149,150]. In the Mediterranean countries, 2100 tons of Malathion (active ingredient) were sprayed during the same period compared to 9700 tons in Asia [150]. 

Following considerations based on usage information, physico-chemical properties, and persistence, a priority list of herbicides was established for the Mediterranean countries, i.e., France, Italy, Greece, and Spain ([168, 182, 183] Table 6). This list considers selected herbicides which can cause contamination of estuarine and coastal environments. The selection of pollutants has been based on the availability of usage data and the consideration of half-lives [182,183]. 

Polyphenols and flavonoids present in red wine and grape juice, fruits and vegetables, have potent antioxidant activity, which may slow down oxidative modification of LDL, and their subsequent toxicity (Wedworth and Lynch, 1995). Phenolic compounds exert cytoprotection on vascular cultured cells by inhibiting the calcium rise and subsequent oxidized LDL-mediated cell death (Vieira et al, 1998). These compounds may play a role in the relatively low level of coronary heart disease in Prance ( Fnench Paradox ) and other Mediterranean countries (Renaud and Ruf, 1994). 

Broad bears, corrmonly called fava beans, are common to diets in Mediterranean countries (Greece, Italy, Spain, Portugal, and Turkey), in which their ingestion may cause severe hemolysis in G6PDH individuals. Clinically, the condition presents as pallor, hemoglobinuria, jaundice, and severe anemia 24-48 hours after ingestion of the beans. 

Welcome shade Increasingly warm summers mean that shade In the garden Is becoming as Important In more northerly latitudes as It has always been In, for example, Mediterranean countries. A small deolduous tree will provide a shaded play area In summer. Its leaves dropping In fall to let In more light during the darker days. 

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