Italy early industrial

Exactly when making of jelly first became a household art is not known. As early as 1750, instructions were published for the preparation of apple, currant, and quince jellies. As the art developed, concentrates were made from pectin-nch. sources, starting in the early 1900 s with the use of apple pomace in Germany and of citrus wastes in Italy. The industry soon spread to the United States, with the production of pectin concentrates from apple pomace for use in industrial and household production of jellies. By the middle 1920 s, the citrus producers had entered the field, competing with the dry pectins now available from apple pomace. Competition, and multiple sources of raw material, led to the production of pectins with various jelling properties. Increased knowledge, plentiful raw material, and substantial financial support from the citrus industry eventuated in the currently available modifications of the natural product, low ester pectins ( low methoxyl ), pectates, and pectinates. 

Seveso, Italy, caused wide-spread pollution of the industrial site as well as its surroundings. Serious effects of dioxin were detected both in dontestic animals, such as cows and sheep, and in humans, the most serious early effects being a serious skin disease, chloracne, and alterations in the function of the immune system. Follow-up studies have demonstrated that this accident also increased the cancer risk in exposed individuals. ... 

The neurotoxicity of -hexane was first observed in the shoe industries of Japan and Italy in the 1960s and early 1970s. A number of epidemiological studies were initiated in response to outbreaks of apparent peripheral neuropathy in shoe workers. While the clinical course of the disease was well described, elucidation of a dose-duration response relationship has been difficult. In most cases, concentrations of -hexane in the workplace air were not measured until after disease developed. Also, in almost all cases, workers were concurrently exposed to other chemicals which may have affected their response to -hexane. 

Human toxicity associated with -hexane was first recognized in the 1960s and early 1970s in Japan and Italy. Workers in the shoe industries in these countries developed a peripheral neuropathy that started with numbness in the feet and hands, followed by weakness in the lower legs and feet. In severe cases,... 

Today, Nd-BR is industrially produced in Brazil, China, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, South Africa, South Korea, Taiwan and the USA. The current producers of Nd-BR are listed in alphabetical order Chi Mei, Japan Synthetic Rubber [95], Jinzhou Petrochemical Co. (part of PetroChina), Kar-bochem, Korea Kumho, Lanxess (formerly Bayer), Nizhnekamskneftekhim, Petroflex, and Polimeri Europa (formerly Enichem etc.). Amongst these producers Lanxess and Polimeri have been operating at full production since the early to mid 1980s. Chi Mei, Japan Synthetic Rubber, Jinzhou Petrochem-... 

Early on, conch shells brought back to Europe had been ground down and used as a component of porcelain. As the shell carving industry evolved, various centres for the craft developed. The most famous centre is Torre del Greco near Naples in Italy, where shells are still made into cameos, and coral is still carved. 

Giulio Natta (1903-1979) one of the early supporters of the oxo reaction [9, 81], discovered in 1956 the isotacticity and syndiotacticity of olefin polymerization (e. g., propylene Section 2.3.1.1) using Ziegler s Me-tallorganische Mischkatalysatoren (see above). The industrial production of isotactic polypropylene started at Montecatini in Italy in 1956. Natta was a professor at the universities of Turin and Milan. He received the Nobel prize for chemistry together with Karl Ziegler in 1963. 

Italy. The largest chemical company in Italy is Enichem, with annual sales of 6.6 billion in 1996. In the past, the Italian chemical industry has been subjected to strikes, high inflation, price controls, political instability, lackluster management, inefficient and obsolete plants, and a weak currency. The emergence of the euro may lend financial stability. Recently, there are indications that some stability has been achieved, with the result that the industry is moving forward. The Italian CPI had 15 new or expansion projects under construction in early 1999 [13]. 

A literature review led Halfon to the field of research where Reggiani and Marchetti (1975) were active. Both engineers worked at Selenia, an industrial electronics company in Rome, Italy. Their approach was based on earlier research done a by Helmut Hasse during the 1940 s and the early 1950 s. Collaboration with Dr. Reggiani that lasted several years (Halfon and Reggiani 1978, Reggiani and Halfon 1979, Halfon and Reggiani 1986). Dr. Marchetti, a student at the time, moved on to other research endeavours. 

In the early 1920 s, the modem chemical industry came into existence in Italy. Guido Donegani transformed the Montecatini firm from a mining venture into a verticalized chemical firm, having as a base the know-how acquired with the development of the process for ammonia synthesis by G. Fauser SNIA entered the field of artificial fibers. Separate statistics for the chemical industry have been available since 1922 its growth in the 1922-1935 period paralleled that of industry as a whole (20). 

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