Chemical industry Italy

Diana, M., Russo, G., de Marino, S. (1974), Boron Trichloride Reduction to Boron in H2 Plasma Reactor, Chimica Industria (Chemical Industry), Italy, vol. 56, no. 8, p. 544. 

Table 1 shows that smaller countries (or countries that apply for a low number of chemical patents) are comparatively more technological specialised compared to countries with many patents in the chemical industry. Italy, Switzerland, Netherlands, Sweden, Denmark, Spain, Austria, Finland, Norway... 

Asahi Chemical Industries (ACl, Japan) are now the leading producers of cuprammonium rayon. In 1990 they made 28,000 t/yr of filament and spunbond nonwoven from cotton ceUulose (65). Their continuing success with a process which has suffered intense competition from the cheaper viscose and synthetic fibers owes much to their developments of high speed spinning technology and of efficient copper recovery systems. Bemberg SpA in Italy, the only other producer of cuprammonium textile fibers, was making about 2000 t of filament yam in 1990. 

Large-scale SCP production processes for growing yeasts of the genus Candida from hydrocarbon substrates were developed by British Petroleum Co., Ltd. and Kanegafuchi Chemical Industry, Ltd. of Japan (57). However, the 100,000-t/yr capacity plants based on these processes, and constmcted in Sardinia and Italy, were abandoned because of regulatory agency questions regarding residual hydrocarbon contents of the products (2,3). 

Only 10 firms account for 75% of agrochemicals sales, while the 15 largest drug companies have a market share of only 33% (Stinson, 1995). About 85% of fine chemicals are manufactured by companies of the triad the United States (28%), Western Europe (39%), and Japan (17%). Italy, with 4.0 million litres reactor capacity and 71 manufacturers, topped the European fine chemicals industry (Layman, 1993). Recently India, China, and Eastern-Central European countries have gained a significant proportion of the market, as a result of the lower direct labour costs and the more relaxed environmental and safety standards. It is fair to state that the high quality of chemists in these countries has also contributed to this development. In 1993, the cost of producing fine chemicals in India was 12% below that in Europe (Layman, 1993). 

Three thousand people were in Camp I. Then the second camp swelled the prison population to 14,000 — Dr. ter Meer was never to share his lunch with them. During the first two years of construction, reports came to his office of daily trainloads of "workers" coming to Auschwitz. Then Camp III and Camp IV were built, both nearer the buna factory than the other two camps. Then at last, in 1943, Ter Meer made a third visit to Auschwitz. Returning to Frankfurt, he had himself transferred to Italy, where he became plenipotentiary for the Italian chemical industries. Ambros appeals followed him "More workers are needed." "Herr Doctor Ambros is asking for assistance at Auschwitz."... 

A review is presented of some of the topics discussed at a conference on health, safety and environmental issues in the chemical industry, held in Modena, Italy, on 22nd September 2000. 

Hokko Chemical Industry (Japan) Kawaguchi Chemical Industry (Japan) Montedison (Italy)... 

Many resources were used to compile the information in this book. The hazardous chemicals listed here are taken from Sittig, 4th Edition. For a few chemicals in Sittig, their makers are not listed, perhaps because they are made in such limited quantities that they are sold through specialty middlemen and catalog houses. The primary resources for preparing the list of manufacturers in this book were (1) the Web sites of the companies, (2) membership in special sections of United States chemical societies, the European Chemical Industry Council (CEFIC) and societies in India, Japan, Asia, Italy and elsewhere, and (3) sites in which companies register themselves as producers of particular products, such as the Thomas Directories in the U.S. and Europe, the American Chemical Society ChemCyclopedia, and the British Chemical Industries Association Chemextra. Direct access to these sites are quickly available to any Internet user. They are listed in Section VII - Hotlines, Databases and Useful Web Sites. 

Chemical weapons are not a new method of warfare, they have been in recorded use since about 2000 BC. However, science and technology have refined these weapons and now their potential is awesome. It was the rise of the modern chemical industry at the end of the nineteenth century that first made feasible the use of significant quantities of toxic chemicals on large-scale battlefields and, indeed, chemical weapons were first used on a significant scale by both sides in the First World War. They were then used immediately after the war by Britain in Iraq (1920), and Spain in Morocco (1921). They were also used by Italy during its invasion of Abyssinia (Ethiopia) in 1935-1936, Japan during its war against China in 1937-1943, and by the United States in Vietnam... 

Bredesen, R. and Sogge, J. (1996) Presentation at the United Nation Seminar on the Ecological Applications of Innovative Membrane Technology in the Chemical Industry, Cetraro, Calabria, Italy. 

The 1983 agreement between ENI and Montedison put some order in Italy s chemical industry, as ENI took over the PVC and polyethylene operations of Montedison. Previously in France, Rhone-Poulenc had sold its petrochemicals division and its thermoplastics to the Elf Aquitaine group. At the same time, steam crackers were being shut down in Feyzin and Lavera, and a vinyl chloride unit in Jarrie. The association between BP Chimie and Atochem in polypropylene and the exchange of Atochem s Chocques unit for ICI s Rozenburg polyethylene unit were other instances of rationalization. 

As was to be expected, the path to overcapacities aided by state subsidies had brought Italy s chemical industry to the edge of the precipice. In 1981, SIR and Liquichima, on the brink of bankruptcy, had been taken over by ENI, the state-controlled oil group whose own chemical subsidiary ANIC was also losing considerable sums of money. Montedison had been able to show balanced books only once in ten years, in 1979. Its debts had soared to 2 billion in 1984. 

For reasons that were more political than financial, France s and Italy s chemical industries have also undergone too frequent changes over the past twenty years—in their structures, their strategies, and their management teams—to have had a chance of getting through the economic slump unscathed. It is only very recently that they have returned to profits by recovering a measure of stability. 

Our authors are researchers in industry and academia, from Germany, Italy, South Africa, Spain, and the UK and have worked all over the world in their fields, in teaching and in the chemical industry. We thank them warmly for their work and for sharing their knowledge with us. We also thank Marta Catellani, Cathy Dwyer, Jose Fraile, and Glenn Sunley for reading parts of the manuscript and for their comments and suggestions. 

Eastman Chemical Company, USA Rhodia Acetow, Germany Celanese Acetate LLC, USA Acordls, United Kingdom Dalcel Chemical Industries, Ltd., Japan Acetatl SPA, Italy Vorldlan Chemical Company, USA Inacsa, Spain... 

The United Kingdom has, at present, the largest petroleum chemicals industry outside America. It is based wholly on imported liquid fractions and directed very largely to manufacture and use of olefins. The position in France is similar, but in Italy, with new natural gas discoveries and no coal, manufacture of chemicals from methane is of equal importance. Canada can hardly be termed the most recent entrant to this field, as she participated in the manufacture of synthetic rubber from petroleum during and since the second world war. The postwar developments so far have, however, been on the European pattern. 

Italy. The largest chemical company in Italy is Enichem, with annual sales of 6.6 billion in 1996. In the past, the Italian chemical industry has been subjected to strikes, high inflation, price controls, political instability, lackluster management, inefficient and obsolete plants, and a weak currency. The emergence of the euro may lend financial stability. Recently, there are indications that some stability has been achieved, with the result that the industry is moving forward. The Italian CPI had 15 new or expansion projects under construction in early 1999 [13]. 

In Italy research on urban areas has been low. Napoli is a very densely populated city, located near the sea and included in one of the largest urbanised and densely populated areas in the world. In particular, the presence and the activities in the eastern and western districts of the city, respectively, of various oil refineries (Q8, AGIP, ESSO) along with combustible deposits and of steelworks (ILVA, Cementir) and chemical industrial plants (Etemit, Montedison) have produced widespread trace metal contamination of the surroundings green areas. 

In the early 1920 s, the modem chemical industry came into existence in Italy. Guido Donegani transformed the Montecatini firm from a mining venture into a verticalized chemical firm, having as a base the know-how acquired with the development of the process for ammonia synthesis by G. Fauser SNIA entered the field of artificial fibers. Separate statistics for the chemical industry have been available since 1922 its growth in the 1922-1935 period paralleled that of industry as a whole (20). 

The Ansaldo coinpany in Italy is studying H2 fueled PAFC power plants conceived as 850 kW standard modules for applications in the chemical industries, e.g., chloralkali plants, anunonia plants, petrochemical plants. The fuel consumption will be 750 Nm /h of hydrogen per MW electric power. Operation in the CHP mode would yield cogenerated heat at 140 °C in the amount of 0.7 MW per MW electric power [14]. 

Reference soil was collected in a reference site in Elorence (Italy). Real soil samples were collected in the Associated National Chemical Companies (ACNA) site (Cengio, SV, Italy). ACNA is a closed organic chemical industrial factory active since 1882 with the production of explosives (nitroglycerin, dynamite, and trinitrotoluene), paints, nitric and sulphuric acids, phenols, and amines, with serious levels of contamination of soil and surface waters, where a remediation and bonification plan started in 1999. The serious enviromnental contamination of this area determined its inclusion in the list of national priorities for enviromnental reclamation. The sampling was performed from the soil layers (0-30 cm) in a specific ACNA site, called hill n°5, on March 2003. The hill was made of waste from the industry accumulated during the years and was divided into four zones zone 1 with low contamination level zone 2 with pseudoreference zone 3 with moderate pollution level, and zone 4 with high ecological risk. 

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