Italy plants

Limongelli G, Laghetti G, Perrino P, Piergiovanni AR (1996) Variation of seed storage protein in landraces of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) from Basilicata, Southern Italy. Plant Breed 119 513-516... 

Sicard D, Nanni L, Porfiri O, Bulfon D, Papa R (2005) Genetic diversity of Phaseolus vulgaris L. and P. coccineus L. landraces in central Italy. Plant Breed 124 464-473... 

Gullino, M. L., Mescalchin, E., Mezzalama, M. Sensitivity to cymoxanil in populations of Plasmopara viticola in northern Italy. Plant Pathol. (1997) 46, 729-736. 

Department of Cl istry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Risorgimento 35, 56126 Pisa, Italy Plant Polymer Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Resecuvh Service, U.S.D.A., 1815 North University Street, Peoria, niinois 61604, USA... 

Continuous processes have been developed for the alcohols, operating under pressure with Hquid ammonia as solvent. Potassium hydroxide (206) or anion exchange resins (207) are suitable catalysts. However, the relatively small manufacturing volumes militate against continuous production. For a while a continuous catalytic plant operated in Raveima, Italy, designed to produce about 40,000 t/yr of methylbutynol for conversion to isoprene (208,209). 

The world s largest producers are Perstorp AB (Sweden, United States, Italy), Hoechst Celanese Corporation (United States, Canada), Degussa (Germany), and Hercules (United States) with estimated 1989 plant capacities of 65,000, 59,000, 30,000, and 22,000 t/yr, respectively. Worldwide capacity for pentaerythritol production was 316,000 t in 1989, about half of which was from the big four companies. Most of the remainder was produced in Asia (Japan, China, India, Korea, and Taiwan), Europe (Italy, Spain), or South America (Brazil, Chile). The estimated rate of production for 1989 was about 253,000 t or about 80% of nameplate capacity. 

The alkalized zinc oxide—chromia process developed by SEHT was tested on a commercial scale between 1982 and 1987 in a renovated high pressure methanol synthesis plant in Italy. This plant produced 15,000 t/yr of methanol containing approximately 30% higher alcohols. A demonstration plant for the lEP copper—cobalt oxide process was built in China with a capacity of 670 t/yr, but other higher alcohol synthesis processes have been tested only at bench or pilot-plant scale (23). 

Gut Rubber and Extruded Latex. The manufacturing technology for cut and extmded mbber thread is much older and more widely known than that for spandex fibers. Because production faciUties can be installed with relatively modest capital investment, manufacture of mbber thread is fragmented and more widely distributed with a few major and many minor producers. On a worldwide basis, Fikattice of Italy is the largest mbber thread producer with modem extmded latex plants in Italy, Spain, Malaysia, and the United States. Second in production capacity is the Globe Manufacturing Co., Fall River, Massachusettes with production operations in the United States and the UK. These firms also produce spandex fibers. 

The flax fiber from the aimual plant IJnum usitatissimum (flax family, Liuaceae) has been used siuce ancient times as the fiber for linen. The plant grows iu temperate, moderately moist climates, for example, iu Belgium, France, Ireland, Italy, and Russia. The plant is also cultivated for its seed, from which linseed oil is produced. A by-product of the seed plant is the tow fiber used iu papermakiug. 

Manufacturers. Besides manufacturers in the United States, commercial fluorine plants are operating in Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, and the United Kingdom (see Table 5). Fluorine is also produced in the Commonwealth of Independent States (former Soviet Union) however, details regarding its manufacture, production volumes, etc, are regarded as secret information. The total commercial production capacity of fluorine in the United States and Canada is estimated at over 5000 t/yr, of which 70—80% is devoted to uranium hexafluoride production. Most of the gas is used in captive uranium-processing operations. 

Large-scale SCP production processes for growing yeasts of the genus Candida from hydrocarbon substrates were developed by British Petroleum Co., Ltd. and Kanegafuchi Chemical Industry, Ltd. of Japan (57). However, the 100,000-t/yr capacity plants based on these processes, and constmcted in Sardinia and Italy, were abandoned because of regulatory agency questions regarding residual hydrocarbon contents of the products (2,3). 

Programs to develop MCFC technology are also under way in Europe. Ansaldo SpA (Italy) is setting up faciUties to produce 1-m cells in an automated process, and their goal is to test 100-kW stacks in 1994. The 100-kW stack is also to be tested by IBERDROLA in Spain as part of a complete power plant system. Two Dutch companies. Stork and Royal Schelde, have joined with the Dutch government to form Brandstofcel Nederland (BCN), which plans to test a 50-kW MCFC and two 250-kW MCFC stacks in 1994. 

The most extensive worldwide program on methanol blend gasoline was in Italy where from 1982 to 1987 a 1.9 x lO" m /yr (5 x 10 gal/yr) plant produced a mixture containing 69% methanol. The balance contained higher alcohols. This mixture was blended into gasoline at the 4.3% level and marketed successfully as a premium gasoline known as Super E (82). 

For environmental reasons, the entire process is handled by enclosed equipment. Lead recoveries of 96% can be obtained from the raw materials, and sulfur dioxide gas released in the process is used to produce sulfuric acid. Four plants are in operation as of 1994. Three are in Russia and one is in Italy. 

A process variation of the extraction of 2-isopropylnaphthalene hydroperoxide from the cmde oxidation product with an alkylene glycol has been patented (71). The 2-naphthalenol plant of American Cyanamid, which was using the hydroperoxidation process and had a 14 x 10 t /yr capacity (72), ceased production in 1982, leaving the United States without a domestic producer of 2-naphthol. The 2-naphthol capacity in the Western world is approximately 50 x 10 t/yr, with ACNA, Italy and Hoechst AG, Germany operating the largest plants. China produces about 7 x 10 t/yr. Other important producing countries are Poland, Romania, the former Czechoslovakia, and India (35,52). 

A few companies, eg, Enichem in Italy, Mitsubishi in Japan, and a plant under constmction at Eushun in China, separate the olefins from the paraffins to recover high purity (95—96%) linear internal olefins (LIO) for use in the production of oxo-alcohols and, in one case, in the production of polylinear internal olefins (PIO) for use in synthetic lubricants (syn lubes). In contrast, the UOP Olex process is used for the separation of olefins from paraffins in the Hquid phase over a wide carbon range. 

Orris. Orris is produced from rhi2omes of Ins pallida and Ins germanica. The plants are found and cultivated mosdy ia Italy, but also ia Morocco and China. It is used ia perfumery as an absolute, a steam-distilled essential oil, and a concrete. The last material, which is a low melting soHd (due to a high content of myristic acid) and therefore erroneously called a concrete, is by far the most used. Orris has a violet-like odor useful ia fine perfumes, luxury soaps, and fragrances for powders and other cosmetic products. Its most important odor contributors are the irones, of which the most important isomer... 

European siting considerations are somewhat different than those in the United States. Germany, the Netherlands, France, and Italy were traditionally the favored locations for European CPI industry plants because of their proximity to the markets, cheap energy, and presence of a skilled labor force. 

Pseudocumene. The Hquid-phase air oxidation of pseudocumene yields trimeUitic acid [528-44-9] (15) which is dehydrated to trimeUitic anhydride [552-30-7] (TMA) (16). Amoco Chemical is the sole U.S. producer with a plant at JoHet, Illinois, having a capacity of ca 47,000 t/yr. Lonza ia Italy is the sole European TMA producer. 

American Ligurian, Inc. (Stanford, Connecticut) is marketing a pyrolysis process developed in Italy, which generates steam for hot water, air heating, dryers, kilns, and similar installations. A modular plant produces 8000 kg/h of steam from 1 tih of tires. The pyrolysis process produces 0.9 t of fuel ok, 270 t of steel, and 54 t of ash annually. Gas emissions meet the strictest environmental standards (16). 

In addition to the producers Hsted above, Victorio Ghisolfi with state owned Gepi purchased the Taban SpA (a Mon-tedison subsidiary) plant in PaHan2a, Italy in 1988 with plans to restart in 1989 (4). 

It is said that Alexander the Great introduced Indian cotton into Egypt in the fourth century BC, and from there it spread to Greece, Italy, and Spain. During the year AD 700, China began growing cotton as a decorative plant, and AD 798 saw its introduction into Japan. Early explorers in Pern found cotton cloth on exhumed mummies that dated to 200 BC. Cotton was found in North America by Columbus in 1492. About 300 years later, the first cotton mill was built in Beverly, Massachusetts, and in 1794 EH Whitney was granted a patent for the invention of the cotton gin. 

Plants for the production of sodium cyanide from Andmssow process or from acrylonitrile synthesis by-product hydrogen cyanide are operating in the United States, Italy, Japan, the UK, and AustraUa. In Germany, sodium cyanide is produced from BMA hydrogen cyanide, and in AustraUa one plant uses Fluohmic process hydrogen cyanide. 

Secco, M.. Bressani, M. and Razza, F., Medium Motor and Generator Plant, Ansaldo Component i SPA. Italy. Progress and development trends in large induction motor stator winding insulation. 

Figure 2-10. Atlas Copco expander, rated at 3,731 kW (5,000 hp), used for pressure letdown at a plant in Salionze, Italy.

Phenol eompounds are vital ingredients of proeesses that ultimately lead to the produetion of nylon, aspirin, and polyearbonate. EniChem SpA is one of the world s leading produeers of phenol. When the eompany was looking to boost phenol produetion at its plant in Mantova, Italy, they deeided to reeover the energy being used in their proeess. 

A certain amount of peppermint oil ie diGlillcd in Italy from plants whose boUnical origin is not vet dearly settled. This oil, which ia of excellent quality, has the following chaiHctcrS t... 

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