Why This Area

The generation of household and everyday wastes is a major issue (Shorten et al., 1995). The National Academy of Sciences (1997) prepared a report explicitly for 

A mathematical model was developed for the purpose of predicting the fate and transport of down-the-drain household chemicals in septic systems. Model simulations were in good agreement with field data for the laundry detergent builders tartrate monosuccinate (TMS) and tartrate dissuccinate (TDS). The model was also independently verified with phosphate data collected from the study site. Results from this study support that this model is satisfactory as a screening level tool for predicting the fate and transport of household chemicals in septic systems. 

The principles and procedures described are applicable to testing chemicals used both inside and outside the home, such as solvents, pesticides, industrial compounds, food additives, and environmental pollutants. The important aspect is the development of design strategies to address properly whatever problems are at issue. The potential routes of human exposure and intoxication, as well as the anticipated magnitude of exposure, must be accurately determined or closely approximated before a design strategy is selected. 

Risk assessment and epidemiology could be successfully combined to analyze environmental health risks. Exposure assessments estimate concentrations of toxic chemicals in the environment that could be transferred to humans by ingestion, inhalation, or dermal absorption. In the future, there will be a greater need for agreement on how best to simultaneously assess societal risks involved with damage to both ecosystems and the human population (Ruttenber, 1993). 

New chemical products not under the FDA or FIDRA are covered by the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). If these chemicals are intended to become articles of commerce, they are subject only to submission to the EPA of a request for a Pre-Marketing Notice (PMN). The EPA has 90 days to respond to such a request and often, in the absence of extensive data, relies on structure-activity relationship (SAR) predictions. 

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There are many reasons offered why this area was selected, including that it was sparsely populated, flat, geologically stable, and a long distance from major populated centers (Fig. 101.2). A North American environmental analog would be the... 

Treatment of polymer surfaces to improve their wetting, water repulsion, and adhesive properties is now a standard procedure. The treatment is designed to change the chemistry of the outermost groups in the polymer chain without affecting bulk polymer properties. Any study of the effects of treatment therefore requires a technique that is specific mostly to the outer atomic layers this is why SSIMS is extensively used in this area. 

A scientist observes that the number of coyote sightings in suburban areas has increased over the last four years. In the process of forming a hypothesis as to why this number has increased, she would —... 

Chapters 3 to 11 of the report then take up particular areas of fundamental or applied chemistry and chemical engineering. Each chapter starts with a specific list of some important challenges for the future. Then the chapter has a section on goals of the field, a section on progress to date to meet those goals, a section on challenges and opportunities for the future, and finally a section on why this is important. 

In view of the difficulties that accompany the use of a nonaqueous solvent, one may certainly ask why such use is necessary. The answer includes several of the important principles of nonaqueous solvent chemistry that will be elaborated on in this chapter. First, solubilities are different. In some cases, classes of compounds are more soluble in some nonaqueous solvents than they are in water. Second, the strongest acid that can be used in an aqueous solution is H30+. As was illustrated in Chapter 9, any acid that is stronger than H30+ will react with water to produce H30+. In some other solvents, it is possible to routinely work with acids that are stronger than H30+. Third, the strongest base that can exist in aqueous solutions is OH-. Any stronger base will react with water to produce OH-. In some nonaqueous solvents, a base stronger than OH - can exist, so it is possible to carry out certain reactions in such a solvent that cannot be carried out in aqueous solutions. These differences permit synthetic procedures to be carried out in nonaqueous solvents that would be impossible when water is the solvent. As a result, chemistry in nonaqueous solvents is an important area of inorganic chemistry, and this chapter is devoted to the presentation of a brief overview of this area. 

Intracerebroventricular injection of kainic acid has been shown to result in a well-characterized pattern of neuronal cell damage. In the hippocampus, kainic acid causes a selective lesion of the CA3 pyramidal neurons, an area rich in KA1 and GluR6 receptors. The lesion does not compromise passing axons, which is why this type of (excitotoxic) lesion is often referred to as axon-sparing . Kainic acid injection into the hippocampus also leads to epileptiform discharges in cells normally innervated by the damaged pyramidal neurons. 

In Chapter 5, Spector, Selinger, and Schnur describe such supramolecular architectures, which are formed in water from compounds derived from natural materials that have been altered in their ability to pack. Chirality plays an essential role in this area. However, there are the questions as to why these supramolecular structures are formed, the answers to which can improve approaches to control their architectures and dimensions. These authors evaluate several theories proposed to answer these fundamental questions. 

Out of ninety tribal people who live here, five have chronic fatigue. That s a pretty large group for a small area. You wonder why mostly reservation people are sick in this area, although we don t know for sure that there aren t a lot of other people in the area who are also ill. All we can talk about is what we know, and what we know is tribal. 

This long-term view of the costs and benefits of TSCA, why these cannot be quantified and how they may be managed better, characterizes the chapter by the Conservation Foundation s J.C. Davies. His critique of cost-benefit analysis contrasts that of D.W. North. Regardless, he lists separately some benefits and costs of TSCA. As to new chemicals, there is very limited evidence that unreasonable risks may have been averted from a few new chemicals. In general, aside from systems for defining new chemicals and monitoring these, if needed, he finds no significant benefits in this area of TSCA. 

Why this emphasis Schweber has portrayed Slater as a man who developed a deep feeling of both inferiority and competitiveness toward his European mentors and peers in the fields of atomic physics and quantum electrodynamics. Slater was not alone in this reaction, as Henry James made clear. Slater, like other American physicists and chemists, used his influence in Boston, New York, and Washington circles, as well as his position within his own institution, to build up American science in an area where Americans could take a competitive lead. 107 Donnan had written Lewis in 1921 that "you are making old Europe sit up some. If it wasn t for Planck, Einstein, Rutherford, and Bragg, we should be in a bad way." 108 But it was not enough for Europeans to sit up "some" they must be made to gawk. 

The bontebok is a strongly territorial antelope found in the southernmost parts of South Africa, while the blesbok inhabits the arid plains of the central parts of the country. It is practically impossible to translocate these animals even over small distances of a few hundred meters by driving them into unfamiliar areas. In game catching operations, the majority of the driven animals mostly run with their heads down, as though they are more interested in information on the ground than in the source of the threat. This is possibly also the reason why this animal was hunted almost to extinction by the early settlers in South Africa. The territorial behavior of the animal is attributed to territorial mark-... 

Changes in properties related to the architecture of hyperbranched polymers rather than the chemical structure have to some extent been evaluated but a full understanding is still lacking. Lately, research in this area has been focused on two questions why and to what extent the architecture affect the properties. 

One of the reasons why a comprehensive CFSD code does not exist, is that the mathematical description of the thermochemical conversion of a packed fuel bed is extremely complex. In other words, the mathematical models we have today are far from able to describe the highly differentiated phenomenology of the conversion system. Today there exist comprehensive models describing the thermochemical conversion of single fuel particles, but from that step to the description of the thermochemical conversion of a packed bed is a great leap. Another reason for the slow progress of computer codes in this area is the limited computational capacity, that is, excessive computational time for these complicated models is required. 

The second move of the poster Introduction previews the specific accomplishments of the work and is often given its own subheading (e.g.. Research Objectives or Goals). The focus should be on research goals that have been achieved and are presented in the poster. Move 2 has a narrower focus than move 1 hence, the poster Introduction follows the broad-to-narrow hourglass structure. As a test to see if your Introduction addresses moves 1 and 2 sufficiently, ask yourself if a viewer, after reading only your Introduction, could answer the following questions (1) What research area is addressed (2) Why is this area important (3) What specific accomplishments will the authors present in their poster ... 

More needs to be learned about plant succession and why it proceeds as it does in a number of different environments. Considerable evidence exists that allelochemicals may have impact in this area. 

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