Turbulent water flow

Eddy Currents ttike their name from the swirls (eddies) observed in turbulent water flow. The Greek mythology tells us about Charybdis. A monster eddy current between Italy and Sicily whose attractive field pulled unwary sailors to their destruction. Our kind of eddy currents are usually not so dangerous, they flow in electrical conductors and are a branch of Electromagnetics. Where does that spring from Could it make eddy currents the very oldest NDT technique ... 

Zimmer-Faust, R. K., C. M. Finelli, N. D. Pentcheff, and D. S. Wethey. Odor plumes and animal navigation in turbulent water flow A field study. Biol. Bull. 188, 111-116 (1995). 

Figure 5.1 shows a photograph of a chemical plume in a turbulent water flow. The dye in this example has been released from a small orifice upstream of... 

Continuous water irradiation by e-beam is conducted on a bench scale at the Austrian Research Center, Seibersdorf. A 500-keV, 25-mA ICT accelerator (Vivirad-Eligh Voltage Corp.) is used as the electron source [52]. A 3-mm horizontal layer of water is irradiated. Low penetration by the lower energy electrons produced by this smaller accelerator is compensated for by irradiating a turbulent water flow. Dose distribution in the turbulent stream is not uniform, but the overall volume of water treated to an average dose is increased. A schematic of the system is shown in Fig. 5. 

Slope stabilization is just one potential application for composites in the broad area of erosion control. Several other related applications are bridge abutments, freeway cuts, storage tank embankments, mine tailings, sand dunes, and areas of turbulent water flow. 

Kenning and Kao [226] noted heat transfer increases of up to 50 percent when nitrogen bubbles were injected into turbulent water flow. A similar level of enhancement was observed by Baker [227], who created slug flow in small rectangular channels with simulated microelectronic chips on one of the wide sides. 

ISO 10772 2012. Geotextiles — Test method for the determination of the filtration behaviour of geotextiles under turbulent water flow conditions. 

This chapter discussed some specific valve types such pinch, rubber sleeve, and check valves. These valves have their own experimental loss coefficients, which need to be obtained from manufacturers. This chapter presented the conventional iCand the new two-A loss factors. The two-AT factor as developed by Hooper is of particular importance for slurry flows at low Reynolds numbers. The engineer should therefore avoid the common pitfall of using published data on turbulent water flows for conventional waterworks valves when estimating the losses in a slurry system. 

Microencapsulation avoids many of the problems associated with the use of neat liquid crystal. McElderry [40] used microencapsulated material to study flat plates placed in a supersonic air stream, to produce a color display that had relatively low angular dependence. The encapsulation of material is particularly important if liquid crystal thermography is to be used in water tunnels. Here, it is useful to apply microencapsulated liquid crystal using an air brush, protect the capsules from contamination by solvents with an initial coating of acrylic polymer, and finally apply a waterproof polyurethane top coat. Fig. 4. Ogden and Hendricks [41] report the use of this technique for the study of turbulent water flow... 

Hagiwara, Y., Murata, T., Tanaka, M., Fukawa, T. (2002). Turbulence modification by the clusters of settling particles in turbulent water flow in a horizontal duct. Powder Technology, 125(2-2), 158-167. 

The bed load of a river or stream consists of particles that spend the majority of the time on the bottom, but are periodically entrained into the turbulent water flow and carried a short distance downstream before... 

Gerrard JH, 1971. An experimental investigation of pulsating turbulent water flow in a tube, /. Fluid. Mech. 46(1) 43. 

We consider turbulent water flow in a wide channel with depth h x,t) and halfwidth l t), as shown in Fig. la x is the cross-channel coordinate and t is time. The basic depth evolution equation is... 

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