Petroleum Italy

T4 = RDX (Italy) 68 T 4 plastico = RDX plastizised with 17,3% diglycol dinitrate or with 11 % petroleum (Italy)... 

Large-scale SCP production processes for growing yeasts of the genus Candida from hydrocarbon substrates were developed by British Petroleum Co., Ltd. and Kanegafuchi Chemical Industry, Ltd. of Japan (57). However, the 100,000-t/yr capacity plants based on these processes, and constmcted in Sardinia and Italy, were abandoned because of regulatory agency questions regarding residual hydrocarbon contents of the products (2,3). 

Until 1960, coal was the source material for almost all benzene produced in Europe. Petroleum benzene was first produced in Europe by the United Kingdom in 1952, by Erance in 1958, by the Eederal Republic of Germany in 1961, and by Italy in 1962. Coal has continued to decline as a benzene source in Europe, and this is evident with the closure of coke ovens in Germany (73). Most of the benzene produced in Europe is now derived from petroleum or pyrolysis gasoline. In Europe, pyrolysis gasoline is a popular source of benzene because European steam crackers mn on heavier feedstocks than those in the United States (73). 

Arabia, the largest OPEC oil producer. OPEC produces about 40 percent of the world s crude oil output and It supplies about 45 percent of all traded petroleum. In total, almost 60 percent of the world s crude oil extraction is exported from about forty-five hydrocarbon-producing countries—but the six largest exporters (Saudi Arabia, Iran, Russia, Norway, Kuwait, and the United Arab Emirates) sell just over 50 percent of the traded total. In contrast, more than 130 countries import crude oil and refined oil products besides the United States, the largest buyers are Japan, Germany, France, and Italy. 

In spite of many battles over patent rights, these inventions earned Nobel a considerable fortune, which was increased from his large holdings in the Baku (Russia) petroleum industry. He died in 1896 in San Remo, Italy, leaving a vast fortune, a major part of which established the world-famous prizes for chemistry, physics, physiology or medicine, literature of an idealistic tendency, and the promotion of world peace... 

Catalyst in Petroleum Refining 1989. Proceedings of the First International Conference on Catalysts in Petroleum Refining, Kuwait, March 5-8, 1989 edited by D.L. Trimm, S. Akashah, M. Absi-Halabi and A. Bishara Future Opportunities in Catalytic and Separation Technology edited by M. Misono, Y. Moro-oka and S. Kimura New Developments in Selective Oxidation. Proceedings of an International Symposium, Rimini, Italy, September 18-22, 1989 edited by G. Centi and F. Trifiro... 

This is a tubular double-base proplnt which may be considered as a modification of Cordite (qv). It consists of NC (N content 12.70 0.15%) 70-5, NG 23-5, petroleum jelly 5 Na bicarbonate 1% (Ref 3). The density of the proplnt is 1-56 g/cc. Some other props are calcd by Alvaro Alberto (Ref 2) and applied to the problem of erosion of propints. CSP 2 has been known since ca 1902 and has been manufd or adopted by several countries, including Germany, Gt Britain, Brazil (I9O8), Italy (1910) Spain. It was manufd in Italy by the Societa Italians Dinamite Nobel, Avigliana under the name C2(Polvere) (Refs 4 5) and in Spain at the Fabrica de Galdacano of the Union Espahola de Explosivos under the name Polvora sin Humo de Chilworth (Ref 3)- This proplnt has been used in various cannons such as cal 76.2mm, 101.6mm, 15 cm, 30.5cm others See also C-2 (Polvere), Vol 2, p Cl-L Refs l)Marshall, Diet (1920), 26 2)Alvaro... 

The author wishes to thank D. W. Armstrong, S. G. Weber, L. Guiney, and two anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments with regard to the preparation of this manuscript. The support of our own work mentioned in this overview by the National Science Foundation (CHE-8215508), The Petroleum Research Fund, and the North Carolina Biotechnology Center is gratefully acknowledged. This paper was presented in part at the Workshop on Colloids and Surfactants Fundamentals and Applications which was held in Belgirate, Italy, June 10, 1986. 

Occurrence.—The geographical distribution of petroleum in the earth is very wide and only a few large land areas are found to be without it. Africa, the very northern part of North America and the northern part of Siberia are practically without any known deposits. The most abundant fields at present are (i) The United States Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Texas and California (2) Russia especially in the region of the Caspian Sea, the Baku peninsula (3) Austria Galicia (4) Mexico (5) Italy, Roumania, Alsace, Burma, Java and Japan. Of these various regions the two largest, viz., the United States and Russia, furnish at present over 90 per cent of the world s supply. 

Wetzel DL, Van Vleet ES. Accumulation and distribution of petroleum hydrocarbons found in mussels in the canals of Venice Italy. Mar Pollut Bull 2004 48(9-10) 927-36. 

In USA, Union Carbide used to be the sole producer of isophorone. However, Hiils Germany has been by far the largest isophorone producer in the world. They have reportedly a capacity of 45,000 tpa. Atochem, France, SPA-SISAS, Italy and British Petroleum, England collectively produce 25,000 tpa of isophorone. Union Carbide used to produce isophorone at their Institute, W. Virginia plant. Dow Chemicals have since taken over the facilities of Union Carbide. Isophorone would continue to be an attractive and alternative feedstock for production of meta-cresol and 3,5-xylenol since acetone availability would not pose any problem. 

The United Kingdom has, at present, the largest petroleum chemicals industry outside America. It is based wholly on imported liquid fractions and directed very largely to manufacture and use of olefins. The position in France is similar, but in Italy, with new natural gas discoveries and no coal, manufacture of chemicals from methane is of equal importance. Canada can hardly be termed the most recent entrant to this field, as she participated in the manufacture of synthetic rubber from petroleum during and since the second world war. The postwar developments so far have, however, been on the European pattern. 

U.S. energy consumption slowed down in the 1970s and 1980s, as manufacturers introduced more efficient appliances. Even so, by the late 1980s, Americans consumed more petroleum than Germany, Japan, France, Italy, Canada and the United Kingdom combined. 

These earliest licensees included Union Carbide (US), Allied (US), Pullman (US), British Petroleum (UK), Soltex-Celanese (US), Rhone Poulenc (France), Solvay (Italy), Eletroteno (Brazil), BASF (Germany), and Showa Denko (Japan). Each was given technical knowledge, plant design, and polymer samples from a developmental plant in Oklahoma for market evaluation. 

Mosca, F. Wavrek, D. a. 2002. Petroleum system characteristics of the giant oil fields of Val D Agri region. Southern Apennines, Italy. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Convention Abstracts, Houston, TX. 

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