Italy, laws

This work was performed in the frame of the Program Agreement between the CNR (Rome, Italy) and the MURST (Rome, Italy) (Law 95/95). Thanks are due to Engelhard for providing the commercial 5 wt.% RI1/AI2O3 catalyst. 

Italy. Law 203 of the Ministry for the Environment (1988) including guidelines (1990) that restrict solvent emissions in certain application sectors (e.g., the automobile industry). 

European Union Directive 98/83 underlines the importance of determining the quality of drinking water in order to protect human health. In particular, a number of chemical compounds are listed, such as benzene, 1,2-dichloroethane, tetrachloroeth-ylene, chloroform, and trihalomethanes, whose concentration in drinking water must be kept under well-defined thresholds. In Italy, laws DL 31/01, DM 152/99, and DM 471/99 set the norms for the concentrations of these, and of many other compounds in drinking water, wastewater, and contaminated sites, respectively. 

The use of an unnecessarily hot heating medium led to the runaway reaction at Seveso, Italy, in 1976, which caused a fallout of dioxin over the sun ounding countryside, making it unfit for habitation. Although no one was killed, it became one of the best-known chemical accidents, exceeded only by Bhopal, and had far-reaching effects on the laws of many countries. 

Fermi s wife, Laura, was Jewish, and as Hitler s influence over Mussolini intensified, anti-Jewish laws were passed that made Laura s remaining in Italy precarious. Alter accepting his Nobel Prize in Stockholm, Fermi and his wife took a ship directly to the United States, where they would spend the rest of their lives. Enrico taught at Columbia University in New York City from 1939 to 1942, and at the University of Chicago from 1942 until his death in 1954. 

It was largely because of Bohr s efforts that Fermi was in the United States rather than his native Italy, and it was from Bohr that he learned that, theoretically, a bomb could be made. In 1938 anti-Semitic laws were passed in Italy. Because Fermi s wife was Jewish, they began looking for an opportunity to leave Italy. In the fall of that year, when Fermi was visiting Bohr s institute, Bohr told him that he would receive the Nobel Prize that year. Under ordinary circumstances this would have been a serious breach of etiquette Nobel Prize winners are not supposed to be informed in advance. However, as Bohr realized, it would provide Fermi with a perfect opportunity. Fermi left Italy with his family in December 1938. After staying with Bohr for approximately two weeks, he took his wife and children with him to the Nobel ceremony in Stockholm and from there they sailed to New York, where a visiting professorship at Columbia University had been arranged. 

In the late 19th century successive waves of immigrants flooded into U.S. cities from Italy, Ireland, Germany, and other countries. The neighborhoods in which they settled were often perceived to be crime ridden, and an increasing number of gun control measures were passed in response. Finally, in 1911, New York State enacted the Sullivan Law, which was the first state law that created a strict permit system for handgun ownership. 

CANNIZZARO, STANISLAO (1826-1910). Born in Italy, lie extended the research of Avogadro on the molecular concentration of gases and thus was able to prove the distinction between atoms and molecules. His investigations of atomic weights helped to helped lo make possible the discovery of the periodic law hy Mendeleyev. His research in organic chemistry led to the establishment of the Cannizzaro reaction involving the oxidation reduction of an aldehyde in the presence of concentrated alkali. 

According t<> the law passed in Italy in July, njro, the tests to be made t( ascertain if a cheese is pure tire ... 

The Italian technologies in the gas sector are very advanced and of high interest for gas transit Countries with this spirit and in the frame of the law 212 for the Internationalisation of Enterprises, and in order to foster the links between Italy and former Soviet Union the Italian Ministry for Productive Activities co-funded the Project G.E.ORG.I.A. SYS - Gas and Electricity Organisation by Innovative Advanced System that with a duration of 18 months will provide the Georgian Partners with training, technological innovation and advanced equipment. 

The PED has definitely the merit that it supersedes, from a legal perspective, the very many old local codes in all European member states, codes such as BS (UK), ISPESL (Italy), TUV (Germany), Stoomwezen (the Netherlands), and UDT (Poland). Compliance with PED allows the manufacturer to CE mark their product as required by the European Union (EU) and is an assurance for the end-users that the selected material to protect their systems is in accordance to the law. Manufacturers approvals, however, are limited in time and need to be renewed regularly, which is an additional guarantee. Therefore, even with the most reputable manufacturers, it is always wise to check the status of the approvals to make sure they have not expired. 

Italy Since 1999 toxicity assays for effluents are required by law (order D.L. 152/99). The following tests are recommended - Acute toxicity test on Daphnia magna or Ceriodaphnia dubia - Algal growth inhibition test on algae Selenastmm capricomutum - Luminescence inhibition test on bacteria - Acute toxicity test on Artemia salina (for saline discharges)... 

Feb. 20,1844, Vienna, Austria - Sep. 5,1906 in Duino, Austro-Hungarian Empire, now Italy) is justly famous for his invention of statistical mechanics. At different times in his fife he held chairs in theoretical physics at Graz, and in mathematics at Vienna. He also lectured in philosophy. His principal achievement, and the trigger for innumerable vitriolic attacks from the scientific establishment, was his introduction of probability theory into the fundamental laws of physics. This radical program demohshed two centuries of confidence that the fundamental laws of Nature were deterministic. Astonishingly, he also introduced the concept of discrete energy levels more th an thirty years before the development of quantum mechanics. 

In Europe, of course, it was difficult to show such disregard for market laws. The views of the European Economic Community Commission in Brussels had to be taken into account, and they upheld the principle of free competition as set down in article 85 of the Rome Treaty. Moreover, in Western Europe there were a number of petrochemical industries that operated according to the rules of private capitalism while there were others, as in France, Italy, Austria, Norway, and Finland, that were state-controlled and more concerned about retaining market share than ensuring profitability. 

We would point out that in Italy, both Article 8 of the Martial Law of July 8, 1938, and Article 176 of the Codice Penale Militare di Guerra acknowledge the permissibility of reprisals. Article 358d of the American Rules of Land Warfare of 194076 also permits reprisals, including the killing of reprisal prisoners. 

These are the Special Laws under which the trials of the German, Italian and Japanese so-called war criminals were conducted. Because these laws were one-sided, they could not form a new international law. Italy in particular did not join in this creation of special laws, and retained its prior regulations. 

Such a simple empirical law as this called for a simple theoretical interpretation, and in 1811 Amedeo Avogadio (1776-1856), Professor of Physics at the University of Turin, Italy, proposed a hypothesis to explain the aw. Avogadro s hypotiiesis was that equal numbers of... 

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