Explosives Italy

Dinal = dinitronaphthalene 104 Dinamon = ammonium nitrate explosive (Italy)... 

TCDD is the most potent inducer of chloracne. This has been well known since the accident in Seveso, Italy, in 1976 in which large amounts of TCDD were distributed in the environment subsequent to an explosion in a factory that produced a chlorophenoxy herbicide, 2,4,5-T. TCDD is an impurity produced during the production of 2,4,5-T. The most common long-term effect of TCDD exposure was chloracne. Exposed individuals also suffered increased excretion of porphyrins, hyper-pigmentation, central nervous system effects, and liver damage and increased risk of cancer was a long-term consequence of the exposure. In addition to TCDD, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans, and polychloronaphthalens cause chloracne as well as other effects typical of TCDD. 7i... 

Parone Explosive. A mixt consisting of 2p K chlorate and lp CS2, prepd in Italy at the end of the last century. On its first exptl firing in a 240mm mortar, it burst the mortar tube Refs 1) Cundill (1889) in MP 6 (1893)... 

Chouet B, Saccorotti G, Dawson P, Martini M, Scarpa R, De Luca G, Milana G, Cattaneo M (1999) Broadband measurements of the sources of explosions at Stromboli volcano, Italy. Geophys Res Lett 26 1937-1940... 

Brindisi, Italy, Chemical Plant, Explosion/Fire Gas released occurred and explosion and fires resulted. 

Sicily, Italy, Refinery Explosion/Fire Pipe fracture in feedline to furnace 7 Fatalities, Plant closed indefinitely. 

After the nuclear explosion at Chernobyl in 1986, Anatoly and other professors and physicians created a foundation, For the Children of Chernobyl. Their goal was to send children abroad for the summers for a reprieve from radiation exposure which impairs their immune systems and has resulted in unprecedented levels of thyroid cancer in children and adults. The first host country to respond to their call for help was India. Before long, the foundation was sending 30,000 children every summer to host families and programs in many countries, including Germany, England, Japan, the U.S., Spain, Italy and France. 

Henry, R. E. (1978). Test Plan Large Scale Molten Salt-Water Vapor Explosion Studies to be Conducted at Ispra, Italy, NUREG/CR-0728, ANL-79-20. Argonne Natl. Lab., Argonne, Illinois. 

There have been occasions in which relatively large quantities of dioxins were released as the result of chemical or industrial accidents. Explosions at chemical plants in Seveso, Italy, in 1976 and at Bhopal, India, in 1984 are examples of such incidents. High levels of dioxin have also been found in animal feed on a few occasions the source and mechanism of this contamination have not always been clear. 

Simultaneously, the discovery of nitroglycerine in 1845 by Sobrero in Italy, and Nobel s work with dynamite, led to the development of a new generation of true high explosives that were far superior to black powder for many blasting and explosives applications. The development of modern smokeless powder -using nitrocellulose and nitroglycerine - led to the demise of black powder as the main propellant for guns of all types and sizes. 

Italian explosives, ammunition and weapons (small arms and artillery pieces) have always been considered of very good quality. With the exception of T4 (Cyclonite or RDX) and Tri-tolita (Cyclotol), which the Italians developed and used before both Great Britain and the USA, there are no high explosives of unusual interest or originality. However, there are several explosives similar to the German Ersatzsprengstoffe (Substitute Explosives), which were developed in Italy due to the shortage of aromatic compounds... 

Note After WWII considerable amounts of left-over propellants (both of American Italian origin) were left unused in Italy. Some of these propellants were used to prepare mining explosives. The usual procedure was to grind a propellant to pass a sieve with 16 openings per sq cm (US Std Sieve No 12) and to mix it with an oxidizer and other ingredients ground to pass a sieve with 20 openings per sq cm (US Std Sieve No 14)... 

The following Bursting Explosives patented in Italy after WWII are listed in CA ... 

Its prepn and props are in Belgrano (Ref 31, pp 288-89). Straight AP has been used in the US, under the name Explosive D, while in Italy it was used in composite expls Cremonite (qv) Picratol... 

R.P. Antonelli, Encyclopedia of Explosives , OTIA, Ordnance Liaison Group, Durham, North Carolina (1960), pp 150—51 (Italian Terms) 23) W.H.B. Smith J.E. Smith, Small Arms of the World , Stackpole, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania (1960), pp 476-97 (Italy) 24) B.T. Fedoroff O.E. Sheffield, Encyclopedia of Explosives and Related Items, Pica-tinny Arsenal Technical Report PATR 2700,... 

Explosifs 03 or Prom th6es were authorized at die end of die 19th century in France under the name of explosifs 0n°3 for blasting purposes. They also were authorized in Italy. They were developed in 1897 in Russia by Ievler and were considered as SprengeUtype Explosives. Explosifs 0n°3 were prepd by dipping cartridges of a compressed oxidizing... 

The first recorded dust explosion occurred when a bakery storeroom exploded in a small city called Turin (Italy) way back in 1785. Such an explosion is also labeled as thermobaric , a chemical reaction that produces extremely high pressure and heat very rapidly. In the early 1960s, scientists began experimenting with this concept to produce a weapon that uses the same principle, but employs volatile gases and finely powered explosives. 

Manueli and Bernardini [17] proposed an easily fusible mixture consisting of ammonium nitrate, guanidine nitrate and nitroguanidine. According to them such mixtures may be melted at a temperature below 130°C. The explosive Albit, based on Manueli and Bernardini s patent, consisting of six parts of ammonium nitrate, two parts of guanidine nitrate and two parts of nitroguanidine, has been used in Italy. 

In Germany Deutsche Ammonal was used for filling large calibre shells. Various ammonals were employed to an appreciable extent for filling bombs, land mines in Italy and to a lesser extent in France. The composition of these explosives is represented in Table 52. 

ESPLOSIVI 0 ESPLODENTI ITALIAN (Italian Explosives. Summarizing information given in the books listed at the end of this item as Refs 1 to 9, explosives used in Italy can be classified as shown in Table 16... 

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