Activated water-soluble

Properties. MethylceUulose [9004-67-5] (MC) and its alkylene oxide derivatives hydroxypropylmethylceUulose [9004-65-3] (HPMC), hydroxyethylmethylceUulose [9032-42-2] (HEMC), and hydroxybutyknethylcellulose [9041-56-9] (HBMC) are nonionic, surface-active, water-soluble polymers. Each type of derivative is available in a range of methyl and hydroxyalkyl substitutions. The extent and uniformity of the methyl substitution and the specific type of hydroxyalkyl substituent affect the solubifity, surface activity, thermal gelation, and other properties of the polymers in solution. 

The classic studies of Saunders( 17) demonstrated that in the presence of excess surfactant methyl cellulose (MC) would desorb from monodispersed polystyrene latices. MC is one of the most surface active water-soluble polymers (W-SPs) and it will readily dominate the surface pressure 7T (7T = cre - cr t where cr is the surface tension of water and is the surface tension of the aqueous polymer solution) of the aqueous solution. For example, hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) lowers the surface tension of water much less than MC or HPMC, and when the combination of HEC and MC or HPMC in water is studied, there is no notable influence of HEC on the surface pressure (Figure 2). 

With the above-mentioned variety of addition reactions based on the addition-elimination mechanism almost any functional group or molecule can be attached to CgQ. Some examples are acetylenes [43, 52], peptides [53], DNA-fragments [53], polymers [54], macrocycles [55, 56], porphyrins [56, 57], dendrimers [58-60] or ligands for complex formation [56], Cjq can be turned into hybrids that are biologically active, water soluble, amphiphilic or mixable with polymers [53-55, 58, 61-69],... 

Fig. 23. N-hydroxysuccinimide Cy5, an example of an activated water-soluble cyanine dye for the labeling of free amino groups.

Main actives Water-soluble polysaccharides and glycoproteins, volatile oil (up to 2%), caffeic and ferulic acid derivatives including cichoric acid (0.6-2.1%), alkamides (0.01-0.04%), polyynes and pyrrolizidine alkaloids. 

Larvae of many species of corals are induced to metamorphose by a carbohydrate-based cue from algal cell walls, in particular those of crustose coralline algae.142143 The inducer is apparently conserved across many algal species in the Pacific and Caribbean,144 and it has been identified as a high molecular weight polysaccharide with an active, water-soluble subunit.145 The isolated subunit has been adsorbed onto a resin base, which had activity similar to the natural inducer in laboratory and field studies.145... 

Allyl polyethylene glycol ethers Non ionic Used to produce surface active, water-soluble silicone ethers (antifoams) ... 

Frothing is an imwanted effect of surface active water soluble pol5nners. D5mamic surface properties of the solution-air interface due to the presence of the polymer play an important role in foam formation and stability. The surface tension decrease due to adsorbed polymer plays a lesser role (see for example Ref. [84]). 

If cobalt, rhodium and ruthenium complexes are the most frequently used in hydroformylation reactions, most carbonylation reactions employ palladium catalysts. The active water-soluble complex Pd(TPPTS)3 is easily prepared by reducing in situ PdCl2/TPPTS with CO in water at room temperature. The carbonylation of alcohols and olefins (Scheme 1.24) requires the presence... 

The converse approach to inducing chirality into conducting polymer chains, namely, the incorporation of an optically active cation, has also been successfully employed in our laboratories to produce the first optically active water-soluble sul-fonated PAn. Poly(2-methoxyaniline-5-sulfonic acid) has been prepared in optically active form through the electropolymerization of 2-methoxyaniline-5-sulfonic acid in the presence of (/ )-(+)- or (.S )-(-)-l-phenylethylamine.29 The optical activity and electroactivity of the chiral sulfonated PAn s are retained when immobilized on poly(4-vinylpyridine) (see Chapter 5). 

In order to develop highly active and selective catalysts for propene hydroformylation, several ligands based on biphenyl or binaphthyl structures were synthesized and have been applied in the oxo synthesis [5]. The results are summarized in Figure 1 showing activity and selectivity of these ligands compared with TPPTS. A mixture of six-, seven- and eightfold sulfonated NAPHOS, called BINAS (4), together with rhodium is the most active water-soluble oxo catalyst known today. Even at very low phosphine to rhodium (P/Rh) ratios, n/i selectivities of 98 2 are achieved. 

Approaches in which surfactants (22,23] and surface-active water-soluble phosphines [5, 6] are used to accelerate the rate of hydroformylation of high olefins in the aqueous two-phase system have been reported. Surface-active materials tend to make it possible for hydrophobic higher olefins to enter the aqueous phase through micellar solubilization (see Sections 2.3.1 and 2.3.4). 

Organic agriculture, while not allowing the use of man-made pesticides, does allow the use of natural pesticides. Many of these natural compounds (e.g. copper, sulphur, nicotine or pyrethrinoide) can be highly toxic to the environment. To determine whether a pesticide — natural or man-made — is safe for the environment requires a method for comparing toxicity on critical environmental criteria such as acute and chronic human toxicity, aquatic species, soil microbial activity, water solubility, etc. There is, in fact, considerable evidence that many of the natural chemicals, while benign for humans, are deadly for invertebrates and others in the web of life. 

The structures of the different types of alkylamines are shown in Figure 14.21. These amines, which are used extensively in the cosmetic industry (typically as their salts with phosphoric, citric or acetic acid), exhibit surface activity, water solubility and compatibility with a variety of other surfactants. They can also serve as neutralizing agents for resins and acrylate thickeners. 

The main nickel compounds are oxides, sulfides, and salts. Nickel compounds are sometimes classed as soluble or insoluble in water such classification can be useful in technical applications but may not be relevant to determining their biological activity. Water-soluble nickel compounds include nickel chloride and nickel sulfate, whereas nickel monosulfide and nickel carbonate are classed as insoluble [1]. 

Alkene Metathesis. Alkene metathesis is a simple and effective method of the synthesis of useful compounds, which otherwise would require complex synthetic procedures. With the commercial availability of various catalysts of high activity and selectivity, the importance of alkene metathesis keeps up growing (190). Interestingly, although there are many highly active water-soluble metathesis catalysts known (71,72,191) the number of aqueous-organic bipha-sic procedures is relatively small. 

W. Regelson, Biologically Active Water-Soluble Polymers, "Polymer Science and Technology," vol. 2, N. M. Bikales, ed.. Plenum Press, New York (1973), pp 161-177. 

Similarly, etoposide 4 -phosphate (103) is a clinically active, water soluble prodrug of the clinically approved anticancer drug etoposide [119], Phase 1 studies have shown that etoposide 4 -phosphate is rapidly converted into etoposide and that the maximum tolerated dose (150 mg/m /day) and toxicity (myelosuppression) are similar to those of etoposide [120],... 

The use of polymerizahle surfactants (surface-active macromer, SAM) in sihcone formulations has been explored to form hydrogel-like surfaces without a surface treatment (124). Several surface-active water-soluble macromers were evaluated. The SAMs were prepared using a two-step S5mthetic procedime. In this procedure, hydrophobic alkylmethacrylates or fluoromethacrylates monomers are pol5unerized with polyoxyethylene methacrylates using afunctional mercaptan as a chain-transfer agent. The resultant hydroxyl or carboxylate capped macromer (22) is further fimctionalized with a polymerizable methacrylate. 

Surface activity of these PAMAMOS dendrimers was determined by the Wilhelmy plate method for the water soluble dendrimers and by the Langmuir trough technique for the insoluble ones. Some preliminary data on water soluble PAMAMOS have already been published (5,42), It was shown that the best of these materials lower the surface tension of water to just below 30 mN/m at 5 wt. %, with no break to a constant surface tension that would indicate micelle formation. Thus, these PAMAMOS behave more like considerably surface active water soluble polymers than surfactants. However, it is probable that their homologues with longer siloxane dendrons than the trimethylsilyl- groups studied so far will have considerably more surfactant-like behavior. 

Cryptophanes 1 and 4, described in Sect. 21.2.1, are the two first optically active water-soluble compounds synthesized from cryptophanol-A 2. The single phenol function in 2 can easily react with a small chiral auxiliary (e.g., camphanic acid chloride) to provide the two diastereomeric species 41 and 42 (Fig. 21.10) [36]. The two diastereomers can be isolated by crystallization in toluene, and the two enantiomers of 2 can then be recovered after hydrolysis under basic solutirai and then re-used for subsequent reactions. The interest of this strategy is twofold (i) it provides fair quantities of optically active cryptophanol-A 2 with high enantiomeric excess (ee = 98-100%) (ii) it allows the preparation of new optically active cryptophanes without any loss of enantiomeric excess. Thus, starting from... 

An active, water-soluble, immobilized form of glucoamylase was obtained when the enzyme reacted with derivatives of testosterone. Highly-charged, water-soluble conjugates of glucoamylase and a copolymer of either ethylene and maleic acid or styrene and maleic acid are absorbed onto particles of DEAE-cellulose to give immobilized derivatives of the enzyme. ... 

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