Robot, robots

Wingert, A., Litcher, M.D., and Dubowsky, S., On the kinematics of parallel mechanisms with bi-stable polymer actuators, demonstrated on the website http //scripts.mit.edu/ robots/robots/publications/ papers /2002 06 Win LicDub. pdf... 

Early laboratory robots were unreliable, but today, these systems perform quite well. Today s robots simply move plates from one robot-friendly position to another, such as the entrance pad of a plate reader. These simplified movements combined with the low weight of a plate allow engineering to simplify the robot designs. As seen in industrial application of robots, robots that are defined and used for a specific application will work day in and day out quite well. It is always best to keep the automation as simple as possible to get the highest level of performance. This is usually accomplished by minimizing the number of moveable parts associated with the automation. Stackers have also become more reliable. This was due, in part, to the standardization of the microplate by an effort of the Society for Biomolecular Screening (Danbury, CT, U.S.A.) in association with the American National Standards Institute (ANSI, Washington, DC, U.S.A.), but also due to the use of simpler stacker mechanisms. Today, there are many choices for devices, workstations, and fully automated systems. The selection as to which automated devices to purchase for HTS should be driven by a clear set of specifications that define the use of the automation. The choices can be expensive, and therefore, replacement may not be possible, so it is important to choose well. 

Header systems with manual or automatic dispensing valves have been designed to carry adhesives and sealants over long distances within the plant. Distances of as much as 300 ft are not uncommon with drops at points of application. Figure 17.7 shows a modular header system. Adhesives and sealants are nearly ideal materials for application by robots. Robotic application is commonly used in the automobile industry to increase quality and to reduce labor and material cost.7,8... 

High-viscosity liquids, pastes, and mastics are ideal adhesives for application by robots. Robotic application is commonly used in industries such as automotive and consumer products to increase quality and to reduce labor and material costs.12,13... 

Automation of the analytical process by use of robotic equipment (robotic stations and workstations included) can reach from a single step to the whole analytical sequence. The number of steps that are robotized should be dictated by the user s experience and judgement, always as a function of the target process, costs, number of samples to be processed, etc. Straightforward single-task uses of robots, robotic sample preparation procedures and fully robotized methods are discussed below, as are more rational uses in combination with other techniques intended to ensure optimum development of each step of the analytical process. 

Keywords automation, robotics robotic liquid handling, scripting, Visual Basic, LIMS, XML, LC/MS/MS. 

Maximum reliability can be assured only by robotics because of the maximum objectivity of robotics. Robots have been constructed for analytical use19-22 that pick up the sample, prepare the sample, analyze the compounds, and perform the data processing. However, all automatic systems are coordinated by an operator who establishes the analytical parameters. The reliability of the analytical information obtained using an automatic system is assured only by a reliable operator, as shown in Figure 2.1. 

Rapidly. Rapidity of the signal obtained through automatic devices allows one to obtain more analytical information in a very short time interval. The rapidity of automation devices is improved when automation is coupled with robotics. Robotics have a high degree of flexibility compared with continuous flow analysis (CFA). By using robotics, contamination is eliminated. 

Manual sorting can be efficiently followed by automated ranking utilizing identification by infrared radiation or visible radiation (to separate colors). Identification software controls robots (robots or air flow) which perform the selective removal of objects according to their nature. 

The military has made extensive use of robots. Robotic aircraft are called drones. Drone aircraft are able to fly over enemy airspace undetected because they are smaller and quieter than conventional piloted aircraft (Figure 17-16). As a result, they are able to photograph and videotape enemy movements on the ground. 

Robotics. Robotics for work as well as entertainment is another new application for the field. Most... 

Biomimetic Robot Robot whose design and engineering is based on a biological model that exists in nature. 

Winters, J., Muscle as an Actuator for Intelligent Robots, Robotics Research Trans. Robotics International of SME, Scottsdale, AZ, 18-21 August 1986, MS-86-76-1-18. 

Fong, T., 1. Nourbakhsh, and K. Dautenhahn. 2003. A survey of socially interactive robots. Robotics... 

TR R15.106-2006, Technical Report on Teaching Multiple Robots, Robotics Industries Association (RIA) —provides additional safety information relative to teaching (programming) multiple industrial robots in a common safeguarded space in an industrial setting, and supplements the ANSI/RIA R15.06-1999 robot safety standard. 

International Organization for Standardization (ISO) TC 184, Industrial Automation Systems and Integration ISO 10218-1 2006, Robots for industrial environments. Safety requirements. Parti Robot, Robotics Industries Association (RIA)—specifies requirements and guidelines for the inherent safe design, protective measures, and information for use of industrial robots describes basic hazards associated with robots and provides requirements to eliminate or adequately reduce the risks associated with these hazards. 

Laboratory robots Robots are programmable mechanical devices that are the central components of laboratory work stations. They can be made to perform a variety of manipula-... 

Effective Collaboration between Robots and Sensor Nodes Presents a key challenge in our work since most robotic applications rely on autonomous robots. The incorporation of a WSN as an actor in the surveillance application will make the collaboration task more challenging indeed, three types of collaboration take place robot-to-robot, robot-to-sensor, and sensor-to-sensor collaboration models. We address the collaboration issue in Section 4 and we instantiate it as a multi-robot task allocation problem. 

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