Robots military

Mobile CA. These arc CA in which some (or all) lattice sites are free to move about the lattice. In effect, mobile CA are primitive models of mobile robots. Typically, their internal state space reflects some features of the local environment within which they are allowed to move and with which they are allowed to interact. An example of mobile CA used to model some aspects of military engagements is discussed in Chapter 12. 

As previously mentioned, the nickel—titanium alloys have been the most widely used shape memory alloys. This family of nickel—titanium alloys is known as Nitinol (Nickel Titanium Naval Ordnance Laboratory in honor of the place where this material behavior was first observed). Nitinol have been used for military, medical, safety, and robotics applications. Specific usages include hydraulic lines capable of F-14 fighter planes, medical tweezers, anchors for attaching tendons to bones, eyeglass frames, underwire brassieres, and antiscalding valves used in water faucets and shower heads (38,39). Nitinol can be used in robotics actuators and micromanipulators that simulate human muscle motion. The ability of Nitinol to exert a smooth, controlled force when activated is a mass advantage of this material family (5). 

When a microscopic invader breaches the outer defenses of the body the immune system swings into action. This happens automatically. The molecular systems of the body, like the Star Wars anti-missile system that the military once planned, are robots designed to run on autopilot. Since the defense is automated, every step has to be accounted for by some mechanism. The first problem that the automated defense system has is how to recognize an invader. Bacterial cells have to be distinguished from blood cells viruses have to be distinguished from connective tissue. Unlike us, the immune system can t see, so it has to rely initially on something akin to a sense of touch. 

Picric acid was made for the French government. It was also used to produce Explosive D (ammonium picrate) and chlorpicrin, a chemical warfare agent. Picric acid crystallizes into yellowish grains that are extremely shock sensitive. A small bottle was found at a military laboratory in DC. Chemists decided that it was too sensitive to move and brought in a robot to drill a hole through the bottle so that it could be neutralized. Another bottle was found at the University of the District of Columbia and was taken out to an athletic field for detonation. 

We are witnessing a true robotic revolution. Applications of industrial robots are rapidly increasing, but robots are also used for other purposes, including various military applications. Particularly well known are drones or flying robots, which are remotely controlled or can be entirely autonomous. Drones are widely and successfully flown not only on reconnaissance missions but are also used for targeting and for the actual combat... 

We can classify robots as personal (household), assistive, medical, industrial, military or security, or space exploring. Each type of robot has a different use, but they all have similar systems. Although many people think industrial robots are the most common type of robot, the fact is that robots... 

The military has made extensive use of robots. Robotic aircraft are called drones. Drone aircraft are able to fly over enemy airspace undetected because they are smaller and quieter than conventional piloted aircraft (Figure 17-16). As a result, they are able to photograph and videotape enemy movements on the ground. 

Portable DMFC power systems have been considered as power suppliers for mobile phones, personal wireless devices, laptop, military communication systems, robotic devices, healthcare systems, multipurpose emergency power sources,... 

Task allocation for multiple robots addresses the problem of assigning a set of tasks to the corresponding robots while achieving some specific objectives of team performance. Research in this field dates back to the late 1980s. Task allocation of multiple robots in dynamic environments is core to multi-robot control for a number of real-world applications, such as military [1], transport services [2], search and rescue [3], etc. 

Other examples of mobility robotic aids are lower-limb exoskeletons or active orthoses. An exoskeleton is defined as "an active mechanical device that is essentially anthropomorphic in nature, is worn by an operator and fits closely to his or her body, and works in concert with the operator s movements" [3,89]. As previously reported, research in powered exoskeletons began in the late 1960s with a twofold objective (i) to augment the capabilities of able-bodied subjects (e.g., for military purposes) and (ii) to assist persons with disabilities. Focusing on the second objective, one of the first examples of powered... 

One military application of bioengineering is a robotic system that seeks out and identifies tiny pieces of shrapnel lodged within tissue, then guides a needle to those precise spots so that the shrapnel can be removed. 

Military situations often propel civilian advancements, as illustrated by World War II. The need for advances in flight, transportation, communication, mass production, and distribution fostered growth in the helds of aerospace, telecommunication, computers, automation, artihcial intelligence, and robotics. In the twenty-hrst century, biomedical engineering spurred advances in medicine with developments such as synthetic body parts and genetic testing. 

Robotics is an interdisciplinary scientific field concerned with the design, development, operation, and assessment of electromechanical devices used to perform tasks that would otherwise require human action. Robotics applications can be found in almost every arena of modern life. Robots, for example, are widely used in industrial assembly lines to perform repetitive tasks. They have also been developed to help physicians perform difficult surgeries and are essential to the operation of many advanced military vehicles. Among the most promising robot technologies are those that draw on biological models to solve problems, such as robots whose limbs and joints are designed to mimic those of insects and other animals. 

Microtubular SOFCs have been successfully integrated into portable power xmits by Ultra Electronics AMI (USA). Figure 8 shows its 50 W and 250 W systems that use propane as the fuel to produce continuous power. The 50 W systems, miming on propane, provide power for ground sensors, unmanned aerial vehicles, and robots. The 250 W systems are fueled by propane or LPG and are used to extend military mission durations and deliver off-grid power for electronics, radios, and computers. The use of globally available fuels in such portable SOFC systems eliminates complicated logistics. 

Because of the extra cost involved with the cleaning, coating, curing, and touchup operations, conformal coating was usually reserved only for equipment that required high reliability, such as military and aerospace electronics, and equipment that needed to operate in severe environments. With the introduction of automated application robots and ultraviolet (UV) curable chemistries, conformal coating has become more common. 

Cooperative robotics has been motivating substantial research work since several years [1,2,3]. It is a useful approach to many practical robotic applications for both military and civil purposes, from search and rescue in catastrophic situations, to demining or maneuvers in contaminated areas. 

Fuel cells can be used for a variety of military missions in future battlefield applications, including robot-based applications UGV- and UAV-based reconnaissance,... 

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