Robots single-task

Automation of the analytical process by use of robotic equipment (robotic stations and workstations included) can reach from a single step to the whole analytical sequence. The number of steps that are robotized should be dictated by the user s experience and judgement, always as a function of the target process, costs, number of samples to be processed, etc. Straightforward single-task uses of robots, robotic sample preparation procedures and fully robotized methods are discussed below, as are more rational uses in combination with other techniques intended to ensure optimum development of each step of the analytical process. 

Single-task robots and simple uses of robotics... 

With reference to the taxonomy of Gerkey and Mataric [6], multi-robot task allocation problems can be classified along three dimensions. In the dimension of robot, it can be a single-task robot or a multi-task one. A single-task robot is capable... 

Single-task Robots and Simple Uses of Robotics... 

Zymark has proposed simple and inexpensive workstations designed for specific tasks. Furthermore, some noncommercial systems for single tasks include a microwave digestion system for dissolution of Ti(IV) oxide and adaptations of workstations for special tasks such as the robotic-chromatographic method for the determination of glycosylated haemoglobin. 

Single-Task Robots (ST) vs. Multi-Task Robots (MT) In the ST approach, robots can execute one task at most. However, in the MT approach, robots can simultaneously execute multiple tasks. 

A second strategy relies on parallel experimentation. In this case, the same experimental step is performed over n samples in n separated vessels at the same time. Robotic equipment such as automated liquid-handlers, multi-well reactors and auto-samplers for the analysis are used to perform the repetitive tasks in parallel. This automated equipment often works in a serial fashion as, for example, a liquid handler with a single dispensing syringe filling the wells of a microtiter plate, one after another. However, the chemical formation of the catalyst or the catalytic reaction are run at the same time, assuming that their rate is slow compared to the time needed to add all the components. The whole process appears parallel for the human user whose intervention is reduced. 

Because workstations can be designed and dedicated to a single, specific task, they are normally simpler mechanically and usually more reliable than are robotic stations. In addition, they can provide a data trail for regulatory compliance and are typically designed to be operated by non-experts. Commercial workstations vary in their level of sophistication, which allows the automation of even the most simple procedures. Economically, automation can benefit anybody running more than 150 samples a day and can justify purchasing a moderately priced workstation. More sophisticated workstations, however, are only profitable with a heavier workload. As a rule, a workstation will replace a 40 000-a-year technician and have a one- to two-year payback period. 

Edwin W. H. lager, Olle Inganads and Ingemar Lundstrom, Microrobots for micro-meter-size objects in aqueous media potential tools for single-cell manipulation. Science, 288 (2000), 2335-2338. Michael J. B. Krieger, Jean-Bernard Billeter and Laurent Keller, Ant-like task allocation and recruitment in cooperative robots. Nature, 406 (2000), 992-995. 

The assembly systems introduced by Henry Ford were effective for high-volume production of a single product type with dedicated machines and material handling systems. To respond to the changing market and increasing variety desired by the consumers, more flexible assembly systems have been introduced. Such flexible systems use all purpose machines or robots to handle a variety of tasks in a station associated with the multiple product t3 pes. In addition, the assembly systems have also taken on more complex, non-serial configurations (Hu et al. 2011). 

The basic objective of a multi-robot task allocation problem is to have tractable planning that produces efficient and practicable solutions. Auction-based, or market-based, approaches manage this by assembling team information at a single location to make decisions about assigning tasks over the team to produce practicable solutions quickly and concisely [8]. 

It can be concluded that in this preliminary results the peaks lie in the delta freq band. However the channel location is harder to locate since the peaks appear at more than 1 channel. A combination of channels might be required to perform a specific given task such as take the 2 and 3 maximum DP into consideration before generating the result. Further analysis is needed in future work to obtain a single optimum scalp location with best accuracy in giving signals to wireless control robot. 

Single-Robot Tasks (SR) vs. Multi-Robot Tasks (MR) Using the SR approach, each robot requires exactly one robot to complete it. However, in the MR approach, some tasks need multiple robots. 

Cooperative Mobile Robots Team It amplifies the capabihties of a single mobile robot in order to perform complex tasks that require additional skills. 

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