Robotic automation

A robotic system enables mobility of the reactors. The components of a robotic system include (i) a manipulator or end effector (ii) a controller and (iii) robot arms. Robots may also be mounted as a stationary platform, a gantry mechanism where the robot is suspended from a bridge-like frame, or on a linear track drive. A variety of robots exist for both laboratory and industrial use [75,76], Laboratory robots are generally dedicated to either liquid handling or pick-and-place operations. 

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Tsai, R.Y. A versatile camera calibration technique for high-accuracy 3D machine vision meterology using off-the-shell tv cameras and lenses. IEEE. 1.Robotics Automation, Vol. RA-3(4),August 1988, pp. 323-344. 

Robotic automation of total nitrogen determination by chemiluminescence 184... 

Robotic automation of gravimetric analysis for environmental samples... 

ROBOTIC AUTOMATION OF TOTAL NITROGEN DETERMINATION BY CHEMILUMINESCENCE... 

Fig. 6.9 System design of robotic automation of total nitrogen [29]. Reproduced with permission of Zymark Corporation.

The robotic automation of the procedure reduces the analysis time by a factor of >3 and the solvent consumption by 80—90%. The method detection limit and precision of the automated procedure are better than current manual procedures. 

Tiny machines such as Zettl s oscillator may be useful on their own but also in forming the components of more sophisticated instruments such as nanobots. Robotic automation is commonly employed in industrial factories to do jobs that require repetition or extreme precision, such as spot welding. Nanobots would have the added benefit of being able to function in otherwise inaccessibly small locations. Tasks for nanobots include scanning a load-bearing surface and looking for signs of structural failure that would be impossible for a human inspector to see. 

In a subsequent paper on the use of the Stille reaction to form biaryls,58 the reaction was carried out under ambient conditions to allow robotic automation of the process. Attachment of the tin species to resin was very straightforward, in that 4-tri-n-butylstannylphenyl acetic acid was linked to Rink amide resin simply using a DIC coupling. Loading of this species was determined by tin elemental analysis and correlated with a quantitative ninhydrin test of free amines remaining on the support (Scheme 24). 

Key Words Cell-free protein synthesis wheat embryo extract 5 and 3 ORF design pEU construction bilayer reaction method robotic automation. 

The Bilayer Reaction and the Robotic Automation of Protein Synthesis... 

Cargill JF, Maiefski RR, Automated combinatorial chemistry on solid phase, Lab Robotics Automation, 8 139-148, 1996. 

To date robotic automation has been the dominant strategy both for miniaturizing standard crystallization protocols and for fostering high-throughput crystallization [11, 12]. This allows more trials to be conducted with a given sample volume. 

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