Robotic instrumentation

Two main approaches to combinatorial chemistry are used—parallel synthesis and split synthesis. In parallel synthesis, each compound is prepared independently. Typically, a reactant is first linked to the surface of polymer beads, which are then placed into small wells on a 96-well glass plate. Programmable robotic instruments add different sequences of building blocks to tfie different wells, thereby making 96 different products. When the reaction sequences are complete, the polymer beads are washed and their products are released. 

Manual vs Robotic Instrumentation for Sample Preparation and Acquiring Spin Column Eluates... 

Modern robotic instrumentation represents an increasingly important approach in biological science and analytical chemistry. A variety of routine analytical operations... 

In both the cases decribed above, the second step in microarray fabrication involves ordered deposition of the probes on the surface (spotting). The purified DNA probes (PCR fragment or oligonucleotides) are spotted on a modified glass slide in an ordered grid, by means of array spotters and robotic instruments that allow for precise deposition of a few nanoliters of DNA... 

Integration with Compound Storage and HTS Robotics Instrumentation... 

A robotic instrument for the withdrawal and transfer of one, or sets of single bead from one array of reaction vessels to another... 

Conventional batch and continuous-flow peptide synthesizers typically produce one to three peptides at a time in quantities from 0.025 to 2 mmol. To satisfy the demand for a greater number of sequences, robotic instruments have been adapted for peptide assembly which are able to construct 8 to 144 peptides simultaneously. Production scale synthesizers have also been designed that are able to prepare up to 5 moles of a peptide. 

The area of robotic technologies has improved and expanded substantially. Safety and health professionals may want to explore the potential of the utilization of robotic technology in areas requiring heavy or repetitive lifting, repetitive performance of a singular job function, or when the job function places the employee at risk for exposures to harmful elements, among other risks. American industry has embraced the utilization of industrial robots and the expansion in use has increased substantially, primarily to improve operational performance. However, safety and health professionals should consider the utilization of robotic instruments to reduce inherent risks within the workplace. 

From a clinical perspective, there remain points to consider before using robots in healthcare applications. Yang et al. summarized these barriers, which include the risk of malfunctioning/failure, setup procedures that are yet to be established, such as procedures of patient safety control, and insurance policy [33]. Finally, the further development of new technologies and effective robotic instruments will increase the acceptance of robotic assistance in healthcare to an even higher level. We are certain that healthcare professionals of the future will employ assistive robotics without anxiety or technical barriers. However, the degree of automation... 

Garbini, J. L., et al., Robotic Instrumentation in Total Knee Arthroplasty, in Proc. 33rd Annual Meeting, orthopedic Research Society, 1987, San Francisco. 

Fig. 28.8. The CT- and MR-compatible pneumatic robotic instrument guiding system (Innomotion) provides 6-DOF guidance and optional remote biopsy needle insertion...

Brett Bell received a PhD in biomedical engineering from the Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, in 2009. He then joined the ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering at the University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland, to lead the robotic surgery group focused on microsurgical procedures on the lateral skull base. In 2015, Dr. Bell joined a company developing orthopedic robotic instruments. 

The movement of an object in three directions can he achieved either through the combination of 3 linear axes (x, y, z) or by the use of rotative systems included in at least one of the axes (Figure 3). These combinations are more commonly used in robotic instrumentation, as a link between different workstations (8). 

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