Robots assistive

Torres et al. [342] found that a microwave-assisted robotic method for trace metals in soil decreased sample digestion times from two hours to three minutes. 

Martin, W.J. and Walmsley, R.M. (1990). Vision assisted robotics and tape technology in the life science laboratory applications to genome analysis. Bio/Technology 8, 1258 1262. 

Other publications with a sample treatment component of relevance are those by Burguera et al. (1995, Determination of iron and zinc by on-line microwave-assisted mineralization and flow-injection graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry) Torres et al. (1995, Microwave-assisted robotic method for the determination of trace metals in soil) and Burguera et al. 

Torres P, Ballesteros E and Luque de Castro MD (1995) Microwave-assisted robotic method for the determination of trace metals in soil. Anal Chim Acta 308 371-377. 

Forlizzi, J., DiSalvo, C., and Gemperle, F. 2004. Assistive robots and an ecology of elders living independently in their homes. Hum. Comput. Interact. 19 25. 

Personal robots have advanced considerably in the past decade. Most robots that are available to homeowners are not really personal assistants. But what does the future hold Will you be the one to design a truly affordable personal assistant robot Remember, before Henry Ford revolutionized mass production, most people could not afford an automobile. Today we cannot imagine living without one. Will the same be true for personal robots ... 

Robotic technology was only recently combined with a powered wheelchair to provide more freedom to persons with severe disabilities. The Raptor was the first commercially available assistive robotic wheelchair that was approved by the Food and Drug Administration. 

Factor Laparoscopic surgery robot Arthroplasty assist robot Percutaneous procedure robot... 

Fig. 3 Commerciallized biopsy assist robots (Left) iSys (iSys gmbh, Austria), (Right) Maxio (Perfmt Healthcare, India)...

Tables 5 describes the effect of DoA on risk assessment for the orthopedic surgery assist robot. Autonomy is utilized mainly in the bone milling action of surgeon for improved precision and accuracy of the task.

In this chapter, we review the achievements of healthcare robotics in recent decades. We first discuss robotic systems for surgical operations that improve patient safety. We then review physical therapy training/assistive robots for disabled and aging people. Here, we exclude prostheses, orthoses, and robotic transportation assistance devices owing to space limitations but these areas are also considered important in terms of robotics applications. Finally, we conclude the chapter by discussing challenges facing biomedical robotics. 

There have been numerous achievements in the area of assistive robots including robotic arm supports and exoskeletons, meal assistance devices, robotic wheelchairs and mobile platforms, and wearable walking assistance robots. Among the achievements, this subsection introduces recently published research and commercially available products. The assistive robots are classified by the prescribed three criteria—assistance type, form, and intention recognition method—as listed in Table 2. 

Table 2 Classification of assistive robots based on assistance type, form, and intention recognition method...

Bestic (Bestic AB, Stockholm, Sweden) [68], [69] and My Spoon (SECOM Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) [70] are commercially available meal assistance robots that aid people with disabilities to feed themselves. They have the form of an end-effector that is fixed to a table, and their key functions are picking or scooping food and bringing the food to the user s mouth. My Spoon has three operation modes manual, semi-automatic, and automatic. The three modes differ in terms of the amount of user intervention during the feeding motion. In the manual mode, the user controls every single movement of the device with a joystick, whereas a... 

From a clinical perspective, there remain points to consider before using robots in healthcare applications. Yang et al. summarized these barriers, which include the risk of malfunctioning/failure, setup procedures that are yet to be established, such as procedures of patient safety control, and insurance policy [33]. Finally, the further development of new technologies and effective robotic instruments will increase the acceptance of robotic assistance in healthcare to an even higher level. We are certain that healthcare professionals of the future will employ assistive robotics without anxiety or technical barriers. However, the degree of automation... 

Feil-Seifer, D., Mataric, M.J. Defining socially assistive robotics. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics, pp 465-468 (2005) Lobo-Prat, J., Kooren, P.N., Stienen, A.H.A., Herder, J.L., Koopman, B.F.J.M., Veltink, P.H. Non-invasive control interfaces for intention detection in active movement-assistive devices. Journal of Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation 11, 168 (2014) http //www.besticinc.com/home/... 

The engineered devices described so far in this subsection have been concerned with alleviating the effects of physical or cognitive impairment. However, the so-called socially assistive robots are proposed as a means of meeting needs for companionship and emotional support [8, 9]. They have been developed, particularly in Japan, for use in the care of elderly persons who are socially isolated. They often have the form of toy animals and have been suggested as sources of pet-like companionship without the requirement for pet-like physical care. Sophisticated robotics allows them to appear to respond to verbal commands and physical interaction in ways that suggest autonomy. 

A. Tapus, M.J. Mataric, B. Scassellati, The grand challenges in socially assistive robotics. IEEE Robot. Autom. Mag. 14, 35-42 (2007)... 

The emphasis in surgical assistant robots in the use of these systems cooperatively to enhance human performance or efficiency in surgery. Much of the past and current work on surgical augmenta-... 

Chinzei, K., et al., MR Compatible Suigical Assist Robot System Integration and Preliminary Feasibility Study, in Proceedings of Third International Conference on Medical Robotics, Imaging and Computer Assisted Surgery, 2000, Pittsburgh. 

Berkelmaim, P. J., et al.. Performance Evaluation of a Cooperative Manipulation Microsurgical Assistant Robot Applied to Stapedotomy, in Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Interventions (MIC-CAl 2001), 2001. 

CRC colorectal cancer LARS laparoscopic assistance robotic systems... 

Physical assistance robots (PARs), i.e., contact assistive robots that provide physical or mechanical assistance in order to help the user perform specific tasks... 

Socially assistive robots (SARs), i.e., contactless assistive robots that are perceived as social entities which communicate with the user, providing physiological and cognitive support... 

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