Rapeseeds

Fats and oils may be synthesized in enantiomerically pure forms in the laboratory (30) or derived from vegetable sources (mainly from nuts, beans, and seeds), animal depot fats, fish, or marine mammals. Oils obtained from other sources differ markedly in their fatty acid distribution. Table 2 shows compositions for a wide variety of oils. One variation in composition is the chain length of the fatty acid. Butterfat, for example, has a fairly high concentration of short- and medium-chain saturated fatty acids. Oils derived from cuphea are also a rich source of capric acid which is considered to be medium in chain length (32). Palm kernel and coconut oils are known as lauric oils because of their high content of C-12 saturated fatty acid (lauric acid). Rapeseed oil, on the other hand, has a fairly high concentration of long-chain (C-20 and C-22) fatty acids. 

Soybean meal is the most frequently used source of supplemental protein in the United States (5). Cottonseed meal is another important protein supplement. Both meals are by-products from oil extraction of the seeds. Canola meal is derived from rapeseed low in emcic acid [112-86-7] and glucosinolates. Linseed (derived from flax seed), peanut, sunflower, safflower, sesame, coconut, and palm kernel meals are other sources of supplemental protein that are by-products of oil extraction (4). 

Investigations have focused on the content of polyphenoHcs, tannins, and related compounds in various foods and the influence on nutrient availabiHty and protein digestibiHty. It has been estabHshed that naturally occurring concentrations of polyphenoloxidase and polyphenols in products such as mushrooms can result in reduced iron bio availabiHty (75). Likewise, several studies have focused on decreased protein digestibiHty caused by the tannins of common beans and rapeseed (canola) (76—78). 

Highly pure / -hexane is used to extract oils from oilseeds such as soybeans, peanuts, sunflower seed, cottonseed, and rapeseed. There has been some use of hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon-derived solvents such as methylene chloride to extract caffein from coffee beans, though this use is rapidly being supplanted by supercritical water and/or carbon dioxide, which are natural and therefore more acceptable to the pubHc. 

Other than fuel, the largest volume appHcation for hexane is in extraction of oil from seeds, eg, soybeans, cottonseed, safflower seed, peanuts, rapeseed, etc. Hexane has been found ideal for these appHcations because of its high solvency for oil, low boiling point, and low cost. Its narrow boiling range minimises losses, and its low benzene content minimises toxicity. These same properties also make hexane a desirable solvent and reaction medium in the manufacture of polyolefins, synthetic mbbers, and some pharmaceuticals. The solvent serves as catalyst carrier and, in some systems, assists in molecular weight regulation by precipitation of the polymer as it reaches a certain molecular size. However, most solution polymerization processes are fairly old it is likely that those processes will be replaced by more efficient nonsolvent processes in time. 

Fatty acids Soybean Rapeseed Sunflower-seed lecithin Egg lecithin... 

The primary products used are fatty acids with 12—18 carboa atoms and fatty alcohols, or esters of fatty acids such as the glycerides of rapeseed and lard oil (18). Eatty acid amines and amides are used ia metal working, particularly ia emulsions (18). 

Nylon-13,13 and Nylon-13. The ingredients for nylon-13,13 [26796-68-9] [26796-70-3] and nylon-13 [14465-66-8], [26916-48-3] and their copolymers have become available in developmental quantities from a natural source, crambe and rapeseed oil (176). Emcic acid [112-86-7] is obtained in high yield approaching 50 wt % from the oil and oxidatively cleaved to produce the dicarboxyhc acid, brassyUc acid [505-55-2] and pelargonic acid ... 

Corn, milo Soybean meal Rapeseed meal Fish meal... 

Soybeans are the predominant oilseed crop in the world, providing one-half of the total oilseed production (Table 7). Cottonseed is second. Worldwide, rapeseed is in third place, but this is stiU a minor oilseed in the United States. Peanuts and sunflower are fourth and fifth, respectively. Since becoming estabhshed as a crop in the United States, soybeans have shown phenomenal growth and contribute significantly to the agricultural economy (Table 8). 

Includes rapeseed, fish, copra, and palm kernel meals. 

The composition of common fats and oils are found in Table 1. The most predominant feedstocks for the manufacture of fatty acids are tallow and grease, coconut oil, palm oil, palm kernel oil, soybean oil, rapeseed oil, and cottonseed oil. Another large source of fatty acids comes from the distillation of cmde tall oil obtained as a by-product from the Kraft pulping process (see Tall oil Carboxylic acids, fatty acids from tall oil). 

Acid (chain length) Coconut Palm kernel Tallow Palm stearine Soybean Tall Oil High emcic rapeseed... 

A wide number of proteia sources are available for use ia dairy substitutes. These iaclude animal proteias, ie, skim milk ia Hquid, coadeased, or dry form (filled products) caseia, caseiaates, and coprecipitates whey proteias oil-seed proteias, fish proteias and blood proteias. Oil-seed proteia sources iaclude soybean proteia coaceatrates and isolates, groundnut proteia, cottoaseed proteia, and sunflower seed, rapeseed, coconut, and sesame seed proteias (see Soybeans AND other oil seed). Other sources are leaf and single-cell proteias (see Foods, nonconventional). Of these proteia sources, milk and soybean proteias are most widely used. Proteia usage is based oa economics, flavor, fuactioaahty, and availabiUty. 

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