Lauric. acid

Fig. XII-10. Variation of n with load. The data are the friction of copper lubricated with lauric acid (------) and with octacosanoic acid (—). (From Ref. 23.)...

Davies [114] found that the rates of desorption of sodium laurate and of lauric acid films were in the ratio 6.70 1 at 21.5°C at molecular areas of 90 and 60 per molecule, respectively. Calculate o. the potential at the plane CD in Fig. XV-12. 

Another ester synthesis employs the reaction of a long-chain ketone and pentaerythritol in xylene or chlorobenzene (14). Mixed esters have been produced using mixed isostearic and cyclohexane carboxyUc acids in trihromophosphoric acid, followed by reaction with lauric acid (15). 

Fats and oils may be synthesized in enantiomerically pure forms in the laboratory (30) or derived from vegetable sources (mainly from nuts, beans, and seeds), animal depot fats, fish, or marine mammals. Oils obtained from other sources differ markedly in their fatty acid distribution. Table 2 shows compositions for a wide variety of oils. One variation in composition is the chain length of the fatty acid. Butterfat, for example, has a fairly high concentration of short- and medium-chain saturated fatty acids. Oils derived from cuphea are also a rich source of capric acid which is considered to be medium in chain length (32). Palm kernel and coconut oils are known as lauric oils because of their high content of C-12 saturated fatty acid (lauric acid). Rapeseed oil, on the other hand, has a fairly high concentration of long-chain (C-20 and C-22) fatty acids. 

Lauramide has been prepared by passing ammonia gas through lauric acid in the presence of metallic oxides, specifically a complex mixture of Si02—AI2O2—Fe202—CaO—SO in the ratio of 24 16 3 47 10. The oxides, which are hydrated during amidation, can be regenerated by calcination (12,13). 

Amide yields of up to 90—95% are reported from lauric acid and urea (1 1 mole ratio) by ramping the reaction temperature from 140 to 190°C over 4 hours. Oleic, stearic, linoleic, and ricinoleic acids gave similar results (19,20). The reaction does not form significant quantities of bisamides, but rehes on the decomposition of a substituted urea amide, releasing CO2 and NH. ... 

Four columns are needed to produce the desired products. Considering the Sharp Distillation Sequencing heuristics, heuristic (/) does not apply, as there is more than one product in this mixture. Fatty acids are moderately corrosive, but none is particularly more so than the others, so heuristic (2) does not apply. The most volatile product, the caproic and capryflc mixture, is a small (10 mol %) fraction of the feed, so heuristic (3) does not apply. The least volatile product, the oleic—stearic acids, is 27% of the feed, but is not nearly as large as the capric—lauric acid product, so heuristic (4) does not apply. The spht between lauric and myristic acids is closest to equimolar (55 45) and is easy. Therefore, by heuristic (5) it should be performed first. The boiling point list implies that the distillate of the first column contains caproic, capryflc, capric, and lauric acids. This stream requires only one further separation, which by heuristic (/) is between the caproic—capryflc acids and capric—lauric acids. 

Cocoa butter substitutes and equivalents differ greatly with respect to their method of manufacture, source of fats, and functionaHty they are produced by several physical and chemical processes (17,18). Cocoa butter substitutes are produced from lauric acid fats such as coconut, palm, and palm kernel oils by fractionation and hydrogenation from domestic fats such as soy, com, and cotton seed oils by selective hydrogenation or from palm kernel stearines by fractionation. Cocoa butter equivalents can be produced from palm kernel oil and other specialty fats such as shea and ilHpe by fractional crystallization from glycerol and selected fatty acids by direct chemical synthesis or from edible beef tallow by acetone crystallization. 

Many of the surfactants made from ethyleneamines contain the imidazoline stmcture or are prepared through an imidazoline intermediate. Various 2-alkyl-imidazolines and their salts prepared mainly from EDA or monoethoxylated EDA are reported to have good foaming properties (292—295). Ethyleneamine-based imida zolines are also important intermediates for surfactants used in shampoos by virtue of their mildness and good foaming characteristics. 2- Alkyl imidazolines made from DETA or monoethoxylated EDA and fatty acids or their methyl esters are the principal commercial intermediates (296—298). They are converted into shampoo surfactants commonly by reaction with one or two moles of sodium chloroacetate to yield amphoteric surfactants (299—301). The ease with which the imidazoline intermediates are hydrolyzed leads to arnidoamine-type stmctures when these derivatives are prepared under aqueous alkaline conditions. However, reaction of the imidazoline under anhydrous conditions with acryflc acid [79-10-7] to make salt-free, amphoteric products, leaves the imidazoline stmcture essentially intact. Certain polyamine derivatives also function as water-in-oil or od-in-water emulsifiers. These include the products of a reaction between DETA, TETA, or TEPA and fatty acids (302) or oxidized hydrocarbon wax (303). The amidoamine made from lauric acid [143-07-7] and DETA mono- and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate is a very effective water-in-od emulsifier (304). 

Low molecular weight liquid polyester resins are useful as plasticisers, particularly for PVC, where they are less volatile and have greater resistance to extraction by water than monomeric plasticisers. Examples of such plasticisers are polyfpropylene adipate) and poly(propylene sebacate). In some cases monobasic acids such as lauric acid are used to control the molecular weight. 

Detection and result The chromatogram was freed from mobile phase and immersed in the reagent solution for 1 s. Arachidic acid (hRf 15-20), stearic acid hR( 30 — 35), palmitic acid hRf 50—55), myristic acid (hRf 60 — 65) and lauric acid (hRf 70 — 75) appeared as pink zones on a reddish background. 

Fig. 1 Fluorescence scan of a fatty acid mixture with 500 ng substance per chromatogram zone. Arachidic acid (I), stearic acid (2), palmitic acid (3), myristic acid (4), lauric acid (5).

Laune,/. humor, temper, launisch, a. capricious, erratic mean. Laurin-fett, n. laurin. -saure, /. lauric acid. Laus, /. louse (Tech.) a fault of some kind, as a knot in wool or a light spot on a dyed fabric, lauschen, v.i. listen. 

Lorbeere,/, laurel berry, bayberry, Lorbeer-kampher, m, laurin, -81, n, laurel oil, bay oil. -dls ure, /, lauric acid, -rose, /. oleander, -spiritus, m, bay rum. 

Fatty acids, both saturated and unsaturated, have found a variety of applications. Brassilic acid (1,11-un-decanedicarboxylic acid [BA]), an important monomer used in many polymer applications, is prepared from erucic acid (Scheme 2), obtained from rapeseed and crambe abyssinica oils by ozonolysis and oxidative cleavage [127]. For example, an oligomer of BA with 1,3-butane diol-lauric acid system is an effective plasticizer for polyvinylchloride. Polyester-based polyurethane elastomers are prepared from BA by condensing with ethylene glycol-propylene glycol. Polyamides based on BA are known to impart moisture resistance. 

Lauric acid is the main fatty acid used for producing ethanolamides. Monoethanolamides are used primarily in heavy-duty powder detergents as foam stabilizers and rinse improvers. 

Long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) are aliphatic compounds with a terminal carboxyl group and with a chain length greater than 12 carbon atoms (e.g., lauric acid). Very long-chain fatty acids are fatty acids with more than 18 carbon atoms (e.g., stearic acid). 

Solid KC104 oxidizes lauryl aldehyde to lauric acid by a second-order rate process [eqn. (16)] under the influence of ultrasonic irradiation... 

Similar molecules can be made using other fatty acids, such as the shorter-chained lauric acid. 

C Q q — capric acid, Cj2 q = lauric acid, C14 0 = myristic acid, C 16.0 palmitic acid, CIg0 = stearic acid, CIg, = oleic acid, CIg 2 = linolic... 

Therefore a special N-containing ether carboxylate was developed [36] with a high melting point ( 90°C) with a good foam and low hard water sensibility. This is obtained by condensation of a fatty acid (e.g., lauric acid) with diglycolamine, followed by carboxymethylation with NaOH and SMCA, washing out of the reaction mixture with a aqueous solution of a strong acid, separation of the oil layer, and neutralization with NaOH or KOH. The result is an ether carboxylate with exactly 2 EO units with the structure ... 

A soap-based powder can be produced in combination with ester sulfonates. Thirty-five percent of a sodium soap mixture (5% lauric acid, 5% myristic acid, 52% palmitic acid, 21% stearic acid, 12% oleic acid, and 5% linoleic acid) is mixed with 15% sodium a-sulfo palm oil fatty acid methyl ester, 3% lauric acid ethoxylate, 5% sodium silicate, 17% sodium carbonate, 20% Na2S04- 10H2O, and 5% water [79]. 

Sodium a-sulfomethylmyristate is used together with the sodium salt of hardened beef tallow fatty acid to produce a soap with little skin irritation [88]. Shampoos for application to hair as well as skin comprise a-sulfo fatty acid ester salts, fatty acid dialkanolamides, and citric acid. For example, a shampoo that consists of 15% sodium a-sulfoethylmyristate, 3% lauric acid diethanolamide, 0.5% citric acid, and 81.5% water is very effective even in hard water and only slightly irritating to the skin [89]. 

Recently, an environmentally benign and volume efficient process for enzymatic production of alkanolamides has been described where CALB catalyzes the amidation of lauric acid and ethanolamine in the absence of solvent, at 90 °C, to keep the reactants in a liquid state and to remove the water [18]. The enzyme was both very active and stable under the reaction conditions, with about half of the activity remaining after two weeks, obtaining the final amide with a 95% yield (Scheme 7.6). 

---