Biodiesel from rapeseed

As a simulation example we treat the production of biodiesel from rapeseed in a plant capacity of 200 ktonne per year. The feedstock has a high content of oleic acid triglyceride, around 65%, such that the kinetic data from Section 14.6 can be used for sketching the design of the reaction section. For simplification, we consider that the oil was pretreated for removing impurities and gums, as well as FFA by esterification over solid catalyst. The free fatty acids and water content in oil feed should be less than 0.5%w. NaOH and KOH in 0.5 to 1.5% w/w are used as catalysts. 

TABLE 10.12 Estimated Costs of Producing Refined Biodiesel from Rapeseed in Small Commercial Plants"... 

In the enzymatic process utilized for the production of fatty acid methyl ester (biodiesel) from rapeseed oil, several factors can influence both the yield and rate. These factors include the reaction solvent, reaction temperature, reaction time, methanol/oil molar ratio, enzyme amount, and water content [7, 9, 12-14]. The initial step of this study involved the identification of factors likely to influence the conversion. 

The annual turnover of biodiesel from rapeseed oil is about 100,000 tons by the EcoMotion Company (a German manufacturer). SOFIPROTEOL, a group in France, transformed 4.1 million tons of rapeseed/sunflower oilseeds to 2.5 million tons of biodiesel and 2.3 million tons of oilseed meal, which is the basic supply of protein in animal feed, per year (lEA Task 42,... 

Yoo, S.J., et al., 2010. Synthesis of biodiesel from rapeseed oil using supercritical methanol with metal oxide catalysts. Bioresource Technology 101 (22), 8686—8689. Available at http // www.sciencedirect.eom/science/article/pii/S0960852410010540 (accessed 13.06.14.). 

In Europe, vegetable-oil-based fuels are mainly produced from rapeseed. In the USA, vegetable-oil-based fuels are mainly derived from soybeans. Another feedstock used in Europe and North America is sunflower seed. Most of the vegetable oil that is used as energy source for the generation of transportation fuel is converted to fatty acid methyl ester (FAME), often called biodiesel . 

As for biodiesel, more than 90% of global production comes from the EU. Germany alone accounts for about half of global biodiesel production (with about 1500 fuelling stations selling biodiesel). Biodiesel in the EU is mainly produced from rapeseed. 

Cereals can yield around 1500-3000 litres of gasoline equivalent (lge)/ha sugarcane, 3000-6000 lge/ha sugarheet, 2000-4000 lge/ha vegetable oil crops, 700-1300 litres of diesel equivalent (lde)/ha and palm oil, 2500-3000 lde/ha (IEA, 2007). In addition, there are novel biofuel production processes under development, for example biodiesel from marine algae, which are claimed to have a 15 times higher yield per ha than rapeseed. 

We have developed a catalyst-free method of biodiesel fuel production by supercritical methanol (10-12), and we found that the process becomes much simpler and that the yield of biodiesel is higher compared with the alkaline-catalyzed method. The aim of the present work was, therefore, to investigate the possibilities of biodiesel fuel production from rapeseed oil with various alcohols by supercritical treatment. In addition, the super-critically prepared biodiesel fuel was studied for its cold properties. 

Biodiesel from waste rapeseed oil, used in Kyoto city from 1997 to 2002. 

Biodiesel from virgin rapeseed oil (from Austria). 

Mittelbach, M., and Gangl, S. 2001. Long Storage Stability of Biodiesel Made from Rapeseed and Used Frying Oil. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 78, 573-577. 

Saka, S., and Kusdiana, D. 2001. Biodiesel Fuel from Rapeseed Oil as Prepared in Supercritical Methanol. Fuel, 80,225-231. 

Known as "Biodiesel" or Diester essentially from rapeseed oil in Europe. 

Biodiesel, i.e., fatty add methyl or ethyl ester from rapeseed, soybeans, sunflowers or palm oil waste oils, e.g from food... 

Dr Adam Harvey at Newcastle University (Harvey, 2006) is examining the use of oscillatory baffle reactors as components to intensify the production of biodiesel fuels. The research at Newcastle University uses rapeseed oil as the feedstock, the atfiaction being generally that it is a renewable energy source, it reduces CO2 emissions and pollution and it attracts tax relief in the UK at present. The range of PI projects in this area include a portable plant, solid catalysts (which allow a reduced number of process steps compared to liquid catalysts), the development of a reactive extraction process direct from the oilseeds, examination of cold flow properties and the production of biodiesel from algae. 

Due to ecological and economic issues from the first generation of biodiesel, nonedible vegetable oils have become a robust in biodiesel technology. Numerous studies have reported on the potential of nonedible oil used in the production of biodiesel from sources such as Jatropha (Mofijur et al., 2012 Diana da Silva Araujo et al., 2014 Berchmans and Hirata, 2008 Li et al., 2014), Pongamia (Dwivedi and Sharma, 2014,2015), rapeseed (Pullen and Saeed, 2015), mahua (Shadangi and Mohanty, 2014 ... 

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