Reduced Iron

Because traces of iron reduce the brilliance of many dyes, wood tanks have long been preferred to steel in the manufacture of dyes. Similarly, vinegar and sour foodstuffs are processed in wood tanks because common metals impart a metallic taste. Ease of fabrication may be the reason for using wood tanks in less accessible areas to which ready-made tanks of other materials caimot be easily moved. 

Cid etal. studied the corrosion resistance of Ni, 5% Fe-Ni and 10% Fe-Ni alloys in the trans-passive region in sulphuric acid. For a given acid concentration the addition of iron reduced the corrosion rate. It was concluded that the addition of small percentages of Fe was doubly beneficial, decreasing both general and intergranular corrosion. 

Iron reduces corrosion resistance. It is probably the most common cause of pitting in aluminum alloys. 

Phenol is an important intermediate in the anaerobic degradation of many complex and simple aromatic compounds. Tschech and Fuchs proposed that the carboxylation of phenol to 4-hydroxybenzoate is the first step in the degradation of phenol under denitrifying conditions. However, 4-hydroxybenzoate is not detected in the cultures or cell extracts of the denitrifying Pseudomonas species in the presence of CO2 and phenol, but it is detected if phenol is replaced by phenolphosphate. In contrast, 4-hydroxybenzoate is readily detected as an intermediate of phenol degradation in the iron-reducing bacterium GS-15, and 4-hydroxybenzoate may prove to be a common intermediate in the anaerobic transformation. Thus, in anaerobic degradation of phenolic compounds, it has been postulated that carboxylation reactions may play important roles. 

Heijman CG, C Holliger, M A Glaus, RP Schwarzenbach, J Zeyer (1993) Abiotic reduction of 4-chloronitro-benzene to 4-chloroaniline in a dissimilatory iron-reducing enrichment culture. Appl Environ Microbiol 59 4350-4353. 

Ganesh R, KG Robinson, GD Feed, GS Sayler (1997) Reduction of hexavalent uranium from organic complexes by sulfate- and iron-reducing bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 63 4385-4391. 

Lovley DR, DJ Lonergan (1990) Anaerobic oxidation of toluene, phenol, and -cresol by the dissimilatory iron-reducing organism, GS-15. Appl Environ Microbiol 56 1858-1864. 

Fleming EJ, EE Mack, PG Green, DC Nelson (2006) Mercury methylation from unexpected sources molybdate-inhibited freshwater sediments and an iron-reducing bacterium. Appl Environ Microbiol 72 457-464. 

Jahn MK, SB Haderlin, RU Meckenstock (2005) Anaerobic degradation of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and o-xylene in sediment-free iron-reducing enrichment cultures. Appl Environ Microbiol 71 3355-3358. 

When prepared by thermal dehydration of 4-hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid, the reaction mixture begins to decompose exothermally around 240° C. Decomposition is delayed but still occurs at lower temperatures (160°C), and the presence of iron reduces the time to maximum rate of decomposition. Above 800 ppm of iron, the time to maximum rate is less than the dehydration reaction time, leading to severe control problems. Improved processing conditions were developed. 

Penicillamine is well absorbed (40-70%) from the gastro-intestinal tract and, therefore, has a decided advantage over many chelating agents. Food, antacids, and iron reduce its absorption, so it should be taken on an empty stomach. Preferably, the... 

Respiration, as we have described, drives two half-reactions, one to donate electrons and one to accept them. Iron-reducing bacteria, for example, can live on acetate, which is produced during the breakdown of organic matter. Oxidizing acetate provides electrons,... 

Iron-reducing bacteria from a copper-contaminated sediment were more tolerant of copper adsorbed to hydrous ferric oxide (HFO) than were pristine-sediment bacteria (Markwiese et al. 1998). Copper-tolerant bacteria were more efficient in reducing contaminated HFO, with greater potential for copper mobilization in aquatic sediments (Markwiese et al. 1998). 

Markwiese, J.T., J.S. Meyer, and PJ.S. Colberg. 1998. Copper tolerance in iron-reducing bacteria implications for copper mobilization in sediments. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 17 675-678. 

Yu, S., C.E. West, and A.C. Beynen. 1994. Increasing intakes of iron reduce status, absorption and biliary excretion of copper in rats. Brit. Jour. Nutr. 71 887-895. 

Washoe A process for extracting silver from sulfide ores. The ore is heated with aqueous sodium chloride in an iron pot. The chloride dissolves the silver and the iron reduces it addition of mercury gives silver amalgam ... 

Straub, K. L., Hanzlik, M. and Buchholz-Cleven, B. E. E. (1998). The use of biologically produced ferrihydrite for the isolation of novel iron-reducing bacteria, Syst. Appl. Microbiol., 21, 442-449. 

Zhang C, Liu S, Phelps TJ, Cole DR, Horita J, Fortier SM, Elless M, Valley JW (1997) Physiochemical, mineralogical, and isotopic characterization of magnetite-rich iron oxides formed by thermophilic iron-reducing bacteria. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 61 4621-4632... 

Glasauer S, Langley S, Beveridge TJ (2002) Intracellular iron minerals in a dissimilatory iron-reducing bacterium. Science 295 117-119... 

Lovley DR, Phillips EJP (1988) Novel mode of microbial energy metabolism organic carbon oxidation coupled to dissimilatory reduction of iron or manganese. App Environ Microbio 54 1472-1480 Lovley DR, Stolz JF, Nord Jr GL, Phillips EJP (1987) Anaerobic production of magnetite by a dissimilatoiy iron-reducing microorganism. Nature 330 252-254... 

Parmar N, Warren LA, Roden EE, Eerris EG (2000) Solid phase capture of strontium by the iron reducing bacteria Shewanella alga strain BrY. Chem Geol 169 281-288 Pearson MJ (1974) Sideritic concretions from the Westphalian of Yorkshire a chemical investigation of the carbonate phase. Min Mag 39 696-699... 

Champine JE, Underhill B, Johnson JM, et al. 2000. Electron transfer in the dissimilatory iron-reducing bacterium Geobacter metallireducens. Anaerobe 6 187-96. 

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