Palm-kernel oil

Procter Gamble catalytic hydrogenolysis coconut and palm kernel oils, taLow, palm oil c c... 

Palm kernel oil [8023-79-8] obtained from the nuts of the palm tree, is another frequently utilized vegetable oil and is somewhat similar in properties and composition to coconut oil (see Table 1). 

Palm oil[8002-75-3] is derived from the fleshy fmit of the palm tree rather than the nut as with palm kernel oil. Palm oil has a longer chain length distribution than palm kernel oil and provides properties and compositions more similar to tallow than to other vegetable oils (see Table 1). 

Includes oHve, coconut, pahn, and palm kernel oils. ... 

The composition of common fats and oils are found in Table 1. The most predominant feedstocks for the manufacture of fatty acids are tallow and grease, coconut oil, palm oil, palm kernel oil, soybean oil, rapeseed oil, and cottonseed oil. Another large source of fatty acids comes from the distillation of cmde tall oil obtained as a by-product from the Kraft pulping process (see Tall oil Carboxylic acids, fatty acids from tall oil). 

Cocoa butter substitutes and equivalents differ greatly with respect to their method of manufacture, source of fats, and functionaHty they are produced by several physical and chemical processes (17,18). Cocoa butter substitutes are produced from lauric acid fats such as coconut, palm, and palm kernel oils by fractionation and hydrogenation from domestic fats such as soy, com, and cotton seed oils by selective hydrogenation or from palm kernel stearines by fractionation. Cocoa butter equivalents can be produced from palm kernel oil and other specialty fats such as shea and ilHpe by fractional crystallization from glycerol and selected fatty acids by direct chemical synthesis or from edible beef tallow by acetone crystallization. 

In the eady 1990s, the most frequently used cocoa butter equivalent in the United States was derived from palm kernel oil but a synthesized product was expected to be available in the near future. 

This is a hydrogenated mixture of mono-, di-, and triglycerides derived from palm kernel oil. 

Chemical Designations - Synonyms American palm kernel oil Aouara oil Palm seed oil Chemical Formula Not applicable. 

Kem-obst, n. stone fruit, pip fruit. -31, n. kernel oil, specif, palm kernel oil Founding) core oil. -physik, /. nuclear physics, -polymeric, /. nuclear polymerism. -probe, /. core sample, -pulver, n. progressive burning powder, -pimkt, m. nucleus essential point, -riicldeinen, n. Metal.) core refining, -saft, m. Biol.) nuclear fluid, -salz, n. rock salt. 

Palm-kemdl n. palm-kernel oil. -kemolselfe, -kernseife, /. palm(-kernel) oil soap, -lilie, /. yucca, -nuss, /. palm nut, palm kernel coconut. -nussSl,n. palm-kernel oil coconut oil. -ol, n. palm oil. -dlseife, /. palm oil soap, -seife, /. palm (oil) soap, -sekt, m. palm wine, palm toddy, -starke, /. palm starch, sago, -wachs, n. palm wax. -zucker, m. palm sugar, jaggery. 

Flaky piecrusts used to contain lard, or at least butter. Solid fats are important in baking, as they separate sheets of dough into thin, independent flakes. Traditional solid fats are animal-derived saturated fats, such as lard and butter. Some vegetable fats, such as coconut and palm kernel oils, are solid, but they are more expensive than some liquid vegetable oils like corn oil, cottonseed oil, or soybean oil. These oils come from plants that are used for more than just the oil they provide. Using several different parts of the plant makes growing them more economical. 

Commercial bar soaps contain sodium tallowate, sodium cocoate, sodium palmate, and similar ingredients, all of which are the results of reacting solid fats—tallow, coconut oil, and palm kernel oil, respectively—with lye. 

To these ingredients, they add fatty acids such as coconut acid and palm acid (the fats in coconut oil and palm kernel oil). 

The raw materials for the manufacture of soap, the alkali salts of saturated and unsaturated C10-C20 carboxylic acids, are natural fats and fatty oils, especially tallow oil and other animal fats (lard), coconut oil, palm kernel oil, peanut oil, and even olive oil. In addition, the tall oil fatty acids, which are obtained in the kraft pulping process, are used for soap production. A typical formulation of fats for the manufacture of soap contains 80-90% tallow oil and 10-20% coconut oil [2]. For the manufacture of soft soaps, the potassium salts of fatty acids are used, as are linseed oil, soybean oil, and cottonseed oil acids. High-quality soap can only be produced by high-quality fats, independent of the soap being produced by saponification of the natural fat with caustic soda solution or by neutralization of distilled fatty acids, obtained by hydrolysis of fats, with soda or caustic soda solutions. Fatty acids produced by paraffin wax oxidation are of inferior quality due to a high content of unwanted byproducts. Therefore in industrially developed countries these fatty acids are not used for the manufacture of soap. This now seems to be true as well for the developing countries. 

Oleochemical-based alcohols are generally produced from either coconut or palm kernel oils. These lauric oils have carbon chain distributions in the C12-C14 range, where detergency performance is optimum. Figure 1 summarizes the... 

Apart from specifications as to origin, e.g. palm kernel oil, fats are normally supplied on the basis of established parameters. One of these is the iodine value. This reflects the tendency of iodine to react with double bonds. Thus, the higher the iodine value the more saturated the fat is. An iodine value of 86 would approximate to one double bond per chain, while an iodine value of 172 approximates to two double bonds per chain. Another parameter is the peroxide value. This attempts to measure the susceptibility of the fat or oil to free radical oxidation. The test is applied on a freshly produced oil and measures the hydroperoxides present. These hydroperoxides are the first stage of the oxidation process. Obviously, this test would not give reliable results if applied on a stale sample. 

Hard Fats. These are substances like lard or hard vegetable fats such as hardened palm kernel oil (HPKO) or blended hard vegetable fats. These are normally weighed out and mixed into the system,... 

Oleochemical alcohols, sometimes known as natural alcohols, are also identified by the carbon range C12-C14 lauric, Ci6-Ci8 tallow, regardless of the origin of the raw material. C1(-i-C18 alcohols were predominantly produced in the past from tallow, hence their name, although today they are also widely produced from palm oil. Lauric range alcohols are produced from either coconut oil or from palm kernel oil. 

AGs and APGs are produced completely with renewable feedstocks such as glucose and fatty alcohols derived from starch and palm kernel oil [34]. AGs, which are mainly the two homologues C12- and C14-1V-methyl glucamide, are manufactured by reductive amination of glucose followed by acylation with fatty acid derivatives [35],... 

Alkyl polyglycosides have long been known but only now, following several years research, has it been possible to develop reaction conditions that allow manufacture on a commercial scale. The structure on which these compounds are based corresponds exactly to the surfactant model described above. The hydro-phobic (or lipophilic) hydrocarbon chain is formed by a fatty alcohol (dodecanol/ tetradecanol) obtained from palm kernel oil or coconut oil. The hydrophilic part of the molecule is based on glucose (dextrose) obtained from starch (Fig. 4.14). 

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