Rapeseed, oil production

Labeling Rapeseed Oil products that have been fully hydrogenated should be labeled as Fully Hydrogenated Rapeseed Oil. Label to indicate the 1-Monoglyceride Content as well. Identification Fully Hydrogenated Rapeseed Oil exhibits the following composition profile of fatty acids determined as directed under Fatty Acid Composition, Appendix VII. 

Labeling Rapeseed oil products that have been fully hydrogenated should be labeled as Fully Hydrogenated Rapeseed Oil. Label to indicate 1-Monoglyceride content. 

Labeling Indicate Rapeseed Oil products that have added glycerin (glycerol) and are fully hydrogenated as fully hydrogenated and superglycerinated Rapeseed Oil. The 1-Monoglyceride Content and Hydroxyl Value should conform to the representations of the vendor, and this should be indicated as well. 

In China, canola-type rapeseed oil products still contribute a very small proportion of total rapeseed oil products. Oil from both high erucic acid rapeseed and canola rapeseed represent the largest use of edible oil at present. The oil from these two sources is almost entirely used as cooking oil. There are very little amounts of this oil used for margarine or shortening formulations at present. Efforts are being made to widen the spectrum of edible oil products and convert from HEAR cultivation to canola cultivation. 

Fats and oils are used for many purposes, and the chemical and physical properties required for each type of oil d end on its use. The most commonly hydrogenated oils are soybean and rapeseed oils. Tlie rapeseed oil production is in excess and the principal use of this oil is the preparation of foods for animals. Owing to its high biodegrability, this oil is also used in many industrial lubricants, e.g hydraulics,compressors oils. Such an oil has to remain liquid at low temperature and must he stable under an oxygen atmosphere to avoid polymerisation. The initial rapeseed oil contains the three main unsaturated fatty acid bound to glycerol (Table 1). 

Hawrysh, J.Z., Stability of conola oU, in Canola and Rapeseed Oil. Production, Chemistry, Nutrition, and Processing, Shahidi, F. (Ed.), Van Nortland Reinhlod, New York, p. 99,1990. 

Ackman, R.G. (1983) Chemical composition of rapeseed oil, in J.K.G. Kramer, F.D. Sauer and W.J. Pigden (eds), High-and Low-Erucic Acid Rapeseed Oils. Production, Usage, Chemistry and Toxicological Evaluation, Academic Press, Toronto, pp 85-129. 

B. R. Stefansson, The development of improved rapeseed cultivcirs, m "High and low erucic acid rapeseed oils. Production, usage, chemistry, and toxicological evaluation," 3. K. G. Kramer, F. D. Sauer and W. 3. Pigden, eds.. Academic Press, Toronto (1983). 

The composition of common fats and oils are found in Table 1. The most predominant feedstocks for the manufacture of fatty acids are tallow and grease, coconut oil, palm oil, palm kernel oil, soybean oil, rapeseed oil, and cottonseed oil. Another large source of fatty acids comes from the distillation of cmde tall oil obtained as a by-product from the Kraft pulping process (see Tall oil Carboxylic acids, fatty acids from tall oil). 

For abiotic stock resources, the resource value is set as equal to the production and environmental cost for a sustainable alternative. For fossil oil, gas and coal, these alternatives are rapeseed oil, biogas and charcoal, respectively. For metal (metal ores), the production and environmental costs to upgrade low-quality ores (sustainable supplies), such as silicate minerals, to a quality similar to present day ores, using a bioenergy-driven process (near-sustainable process), is used as the resource value. 

Only a few specific kinds of lipids can be identified on the basis of the characteristic features of the FA profile and the presence of specific biomarkers. For example, oils obtained from the seeds of Brassicaceae, such as rapeseed oil, are characterized by abundant amounts of uncommon FA such as gondoic (Z-11 -eicosenoic) acid and erucic (Z-13-docosenoic) acid and, after ageing their oxidation products. Other examples are reported in Table 7.2 and in Chapter 1. 

Brassica napus is a widely grown crop used primarily for the production of oil, which is classed as either rapeseed oil or canola oil depending on its quality and content. 

The conversion of rapeseed oil and recycled oil from food production and cooking requires the development of heterogeneous basic catalysts with high stability towards water and impurities. 

Rapeseed. Methods employed in processing of rapeseed protein products influence emulsion capacities (48, 49). Kodagoda et al. (48) showed that rapeseed protein isolates from water extracts emulsified more oil than isolates from acid or alkali extracts (Table VIII). Rapeseed isolates emulsified more oil than their concentrate counterparts. Rapeseed isolates and concentrates from acid extracts were far superior in emulsion stability to rapeseed protein products from water or alkali extracts. 

Viinanen and Hopia (145) described an evaporative light-scattering detector (ELSD) that can be used to detect autoxidation products of TAG standards [trilinolenin (TLn), trilinolein (TL), and triolein (TO)] and of a natural mixture of rapeseed oil (RSO) TAGs. The samples were oxidized at 40°C in the dark in open 10-ml test tubes. Sample aliquots of 500 mg were taken for... 

Fig. 48 Reversed-phase HPLC of autoxidized rapeseed oil triacylglycerols (peroxide value = 393.8 meq/kg). See Fig. 45 for abbreviations and chromatographic conditions. Peaks correspond to both primary and secondary oxidation products of rapeseed oil triacylglycerols.

Buczek, B. and Czepirski, L. (2004) Applicability of used rapeseed oil for production of biodiesel. Inform, 15, 186. 

Fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) show large potential applications as diesel substitutes, also known as biodiesel fuel. Biodiesel fuel as renewable energy is an alternative that can reduce energy dependence on petroleum as well as air pollution. Several processes for the production of biodiesel fuel have been developed. Transesterification processes under alkali catalysis with short-chain alcohols give high yields of methyl esters in short reaction times. We investigated transesterification of rapeseed oil to produce the FAMEs. Experimental reaction conditions were molar ratio of oil to alcohol, concentration of catalyst, type of catalyst, reaction time, and temperature. The conversion ratio of rapeseed oil was enhanced by the alcohohoil mixing ratio and the reaction temperature. 

For the alkali-catalyzed transesterification reaction of rapeseed oil, we investigated several operating conditions reaction temperature, type and amount of catalyst, molar ratio of methanol to oil, and reaction time. In alkali-catalyzed transesterification, the amount of free fatty acid was assumed to be below 0.5% on the basis of oil weight, in order to obtain high conversion yield (13). The conversion yield or percentage of conversion was calculated by dividing the amount of product by the maximum theoretical product. Because it has a high acid value, the activity of catalyst was diminished in the transesterification reaction. As reported in Table 1, the fatty acid content of rapeseed oil used for this experiment was 0.018%, which was lower than the proposed value (below 0.5%). 

Reaction temperature and time were significant operating parameters, which are closely related to the energy costs, of the biodiesel production process. Figure 7 shows the effect of reaction time on the transesterification of rapeseed oil at a catalyst concentration of 1%, molar ratio of 1 6, and 60°C. Within 5 min, the reaction was rapid. Rapeseed oil was converted to above 85% within 5 min and reached equilibrium state after about 10 min. Several researchers reported that the conversion of vegetable oils to FAME was achieved above 80% within 5 min with a sufficient molar ratio (8,11). For a reaction time of 60 min, linoleic acid methyl ester was produced at a low conversion rate, whereas oleic and linolenic methyl ester were rapidly produced. 

FAME production of rapeseed oil by alkali-catalyzed transesterification reaction was investigated. To obtain optimum conversion yield, anhydrous methanol and rapeseed oil with a free fatty acid content of <0.5% were used. The optimum conditions for alkali-catalyzed transesterification using KOH were determined as follows an oil to methanol molar ratio of 1 8 to 1 10 KOH, 1.0% (w/w) on the basis of oil weight, as catalyst a reaction temperature of 60°C and reaction time of 30 min. At these conditions, the FAME conversion yield was approx above 98%. From the refined FAME product (biodiesel), the FAME purity was obtained above 99% through posttreatment such as washing and centrifugation. 

Biodiesel fuel was prepared by a two-step reaction hydrolysis and methyl esterification. Hydrolysis was carried out at a subcritical state of water to obtain fatty acids from triglycerides of rapeseed oil, while the methyl esterification of the hydrolyzed products of triglycerides was treated near the supercritical methanol condition to achieve fatty acid methyl esters. Consequently, the two-step preparation was found to convert rapeseed oil to fatty acid methyl esters in considerably shorter reaction time and milder reaction condition than the direct supercritical methanol treatment. The optimum reaction condition in this two-step preparation was 270°C and 20 min for hydrolysis and methyl esterification, respectively. Variables affecting the yields in hydrolysis and methyl esterification are discussed. 

Experiments were carried out in batch-type and flow-type supercritical biomass conversion systems. The batch-type reaction system was the same as reported previously (14). In brief, it consisted of a tube reaction vessel (Inconel-625 5 mL in volume) equipped with a thermocouple and a pressure gage. For hydrolysis reaction, 1 mL of rapeseed oil mixed with 4 mL of water was fully charged into the reaction vessel. The reaction vessel was then heated with molten tin preheated at desired temperatures. It took about 12 s to reach the reaction temperature. Subsequently, the vessel was moved into a water bath to quench the reaction. Reaction time was counted from the time a mixture reached the reaction temperature to when it was quenched. The obtained product was then kept for about 30 min until the two phases separated the upper portion is the hydrolyzed product, while the lower is a mixture of water and glycerol. The upper portion was then evaporated in a vacuum evaporator to remove any water. 

Figure 2 presents the effect of the various volumetric ratios of water to rapeseed oil on the yield of fatty acids as prepared with both flow- and batch-type reaction systems at 270°C for 20 min. The volumetric ratios of 1/4 and 4 correspond to the molar ratios of 13 and 217, respectively. For the batch-type system, the hydrolysis rate of triglycerides seemed to be affected more by the amount of water, and a slightly better conversion was seen with the flow-type reaction system. Even though the volumetric ratio of 1/4 is equivalent to the molar ratio of 13 in water, which is theoretically higher than its stoichiometry of 3, the formation of fatty acids in both reaction systems was obviously low. In addition, it was found that at a volumetric ratio less than 2/3, it was difficult to separate hydrolysis products from the water portion that contained glycerol. On the other hand, the presence of water in fatty acids would have a negative effect on the methyl esterification reaction (15). 

The second part of the present work deal with methyl esterification of fatty acids, the hydrolyzed products of triglycerides, in supercritical methanol treatment. We investigated the methyl esterification of several fatty acids present in rapeseed oil such as palmitic, oleic, linoleic and lino-lenic acids by supercritical methanol at 270°C and 17 MPa. Figure 4 shows... 

One-step treatment refers to a direct supercritical methanol method of rapeseed oil that involves mainly transesterification, while two-step treatment involves hydrolysis and subsequent methyl esterification. Figure 7 clearly demonstrates that at the same reaction time of 40 min, a significantly higher yield of methyl esters could be produced when the rapeseed oil was first treated with water, followed by methyl esterification of the hydrolyzed products. 

Biodiesel was prepared in various supercritical alcohol treatments with methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 1-butanol, or 1-octanol to study transesterification of rapeseed oil and alkyl esterification of fatty acid at temperatures of 300 and 350°C. The results showed that in transesterification, the reactivity was greatly correlated to the alcohol the longer the alkyl chain of alcohol, the longer the reaction treatment. In alkyl esterification of fatty acids, the conversion did not depend on the alcohol type because they had a similar reactivity. Therefore, the selection of alcohol in biodiesel production should be based on consideration of its performance of properties and economics. 

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