Rapeseed oil high erucic acid

Kawamura, K. 1981. The DSC thermal analysis of crystallization behavior in high erucic acid rapeseed oil.. / Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 58, 826-829. 

Fully Hydrogenated Rapeseed Oil occurs as a white, waxy, odorless solid that is a mixture of triglycerides. The saturated fatty acids are found in the same proportions that result from the full hydrogenation of fatty acids occurring in natural high erucic acid rapeseed oil. The rapeseed oil is obtained from Brassica juncea,... 

Brassica napus, and Brassica rapa of the family Cruciferae. It is made by hydrogenating high erucic acid rapeseed oil in the presence of a nickel catalyst at temperatures not exceeding 245°. 

Abbreviations HEAR—High erucic acid rapeseed oil. 

Erucical H-102 [Lambent]. TM for a high erucic acid rapeseed oil referred to as HEAR oil. 

Teasdale, B.F. and Mag, T.K. (1983) The commercial processing of low and high erucic acid rapeseed oils, in High and Low Erucic Acid Rapeseed Oils, (eds J.K.G. Kramer, F.D. Sauer and W.J. Pigden), Academic Press, Toronto, pp. 197—229. 

High-erucic acid rapeseed oil. See Rapeseed (Brassica campestris) oil... 

CAS 8002-13-9 120962-03-0 EINECS/ELINCS 232-299-0 Synonyms Brassica campestris oil Brassica oleifera Canola oil (low erucic acid rapeseed oil) Colza oil HEAR High-erucic acid rapeseed oil LEAR Low-erucic acid rapeseed oil Rapeseed oil Rapeseed oil, blown... 

In the Orient, both rapeseed and mustard oils are used extensively for food and large quantities of mustard are produced for oil in India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. In Canada and Europe there is no production of mustard oil for edible oil purposes. All edible Canadian rapeseed oil is now from canola varieties, i.e., derived from seed low in erucic acid and low in glucosino-lates. High erucic acid rapeseed oil is used exclusively for industrial purposes, such as lubricants, slip agents for molds, and polymers. In Canada these high erucic acid oils are produced and marketed separately from canola oil. Rapeseed oils in the Western World are either very low in erucic acid for edible use or very high (over 40%) in erucic acid for industrial use. 

The magnitude of the variation in the composition of rapeseed oil and meal now commercially available has created a need for new terms to describe the products derived from rapeseed. The fatty acid composition of most edible vegetable oils such as soybean, sunflower, or cottonseed oils, varies within narrow limits. Thus, the species or commodity name (e.g., soybean oil) provides a reasonable description of the fatty add composition of soybean oil. In contrast, the erucic acid content of commercially available rapeseed oil may vary from near zero to 55%, and the oleic acid from 10 to more than 60%. A number of terms have been proposed or utilized to describe the new rapeseed oil whose fatty acid composition has been altered by the elimination of erucic acid these include low erucic acid rape-seed oil (LEAR), canbra, and canola. Similar terms such as high erucic acid rapeseed oil (HEAR) and common or traditional rapeseed oil have been used to describe rapeseed oil whose fatty acid composition includes substantial amounts of erucic acid. 

The Commercial Processing of Low and High Erucic Acid Rapeseed Oils... 

Rapeseed oil constitutes a substantial proportion of the supply of edible oil to consumers in many parts of the world. It includes the original HEAR (high erucic acid rapeseed) oils, LEAR (low erucic acid rapeseed) oils and canola oils (canola is the name adopted by Canadians for the oil derived from the new rapeseed low in both erucic acid and glucosinolates). Since there are great differences in the kinds of edible oil products which these consumers prefer, the type and degree of processing that are applied to the oils vary markedly from country to country, and even within different regions of some countries. 

The Problems Associated with the Feeding of High Erucic Acid Rapeseed Oils and Some Fish Oils to Experimental Animals... 

In Western Europe and North America, the high erucic acid rapeseed oils have been phased out and replaced by low erucic acid rapeseed oils. The difference in composition is shown in Table I, Chapter 17. It is clear from this that the new low erucic acid rapeseed (LEAR) oils are very different from the older HEAR oils. Their docosenoic and eicosenoic acid concentration has been sharply decreased and their 16 0, 18 0, 18 1, and 18 2 content has increased. It is quite obvious that the nutritional properties of these two oils will be different, yet many scientists in describing their experiments still state that "rapeseed oil" was used without bothering to define if the oil was a LEAR oil or a HEAR oil. In view of the significant differences in fatty acid composition of these two types of oils, this is an improper omission and makes it unnecessarily difficult for the reader to interpret the experiments. 

Poultry when fed high erucic acid rapeseed oils develop myocardial lipidosis, myocardial degeneration, hydropericardium and ascites. The occurrence and severity of these lesions would appear to be related to the amount of erucic acid in the diet. 

The rat is much more sensitive to myocardial lipidosis than most other species and rapidly accumulates triglycerides and erucic acid in the myocardium when fed mustard oil or high erucic acid rapeseed oil. 

Fig. 2. Gross and histological appearance (oil red O staining) of hearts from rats fed diets containing 20% by weight of the following oils 1. soybean oil, 2. low erucic acid rapeseed oil (0.5% 22 1), 3. high erucic acid rapeseed oil (28.8%, 22 1), and 4. mustard seed oil (54.1%, 22 1).

Aratronic 5057. See Epoxy-novolac Arax DTDM. See 4,4 -Dithiodimorpholine Arazate . See Zinc dibenzyl dithiocarbamate Arbanoi Extra] Arbanoi . See (exo)-2-Camphanyl-3-hydroxyethyl ether AR B High Erucic Acid Rapeseed Oil. See Rapeseed (Brassica campestris) oil Arbo A 02. See Ammonium lignosulfonate Arbo S 01. See Sodium lignosulfonate Arbocel A 300, Arbocel M 80, Arbocel P 290. See Cellulose... 

High-erucic acid rapeseed oil LEAR Low-erucic acid rapeseed oil Rapeseed oil Rapeseed oil, blown... 

AR B High Erucic Acid Rapeseed Oil Blown Rapeseed Oil (HEAR) Z Z1 Calchem H-102 Canola oil... 

Table 3.94 Triglyceride composition (mol %) of high-erucic acid rapeseed oil (adapted from Jurriens, 1968)...

The high erucic acid rapeseed oil has been used industrially for example as a lubricant (erucamide) and as a source of brassylic (C13 dicarboxylic acid, tridecanedioic acid) and pelargonic (nonanoic acid) acids via ozonolysis. Low-erucic acid rape is also used as a lubricating and cutting oil and, after hydrogenation, in soap. 

The following tocopherols (mg/kg) in high-erucic acid rapeseed oil were determined (Slover, 1971 Whittle and Pennock, 1967) a-tocopherol (18-24), y-tocopherol (38-42), (5-tocopherol (1.1-1.2), total tocopherol (67). 

Distillation of fatty acids is important in industry where it is used primarily to separate saturated acids such as (i) 16 0 and 18 0 from hydrogenated tallow and seed oils, (ii) 18 0, 20 0, 22 0 and 24 0 from hydrogenated fish oils and high-erucic acid rapeseed oil and (hi) 8 0, 10 0, 12 0 and 14 0 from hydrogenated lauric oils (coconut, palmkernel, babassu). The temperatures range from 160 to 230 C at pressures below 20 mm in specially constructed stills (up to 7 ft in diameter) which run continuously. It has been claimed that it should be possible to separate stearic and oleic acid by distillation (Stage, 1984). 

TocoP Relative retention times Palm kernel oil Coconut oil Cottonseed oil Soybean oil Maize oil Groundnut oil Palm oil Sunflowerseed oil High erucic acid rapeseed oil Low erucic acid rapeseed oil... 

Sauer, F.D. and Kramer, J.K.G. 1983. The problems associated with the feeding of high erucic acid rapeseed oils and some fish oils to experimental animals. In High and Low Erucic Acid Rapeseed Oils. Kramer, J.K.G., Sauer, F.D., Pigden, W.J. eds. New York Academic Press. 

---