Rapeseed lecithin

Rewald (43) found approximately 20% phospholipids in rapeseed. Rapeseed lecithin has been reviewed, and an extensive bibliography has been compiled (44). Table 12 (44) shows the composition of rapeseed and soybean gums. 

Solvent-extracted rapeseed oil has been found to contain the highest level of phosphorus. For this reason, it is common practice to degum solvent-extracted oil or the mixed crude oil from pressing and subsequent solvent-extraction. As the double-zero rapeseed varieties such as canola became available, the applications of rapeseed lecithin have developed positively. Where at first rapeseed lecithin was applied as an emulsifier and energy component in animal feed, the recent concerns about GMO soybean varieties in some parts of the world have increased the market value of the softseed lecithins for food applications (45). The phospholipid composition is similar to soybean lecithin with variations due to crop and processing conditions. The rapeseed phospholipid compositions in Table 12 have been confirmed by recent data, whereas the soybean lecithin composition in... 

Sosada (46) determined the optimum conditions for fractionation of rapeseed lecithin with alcohols to improve purified lecithin yield and phosphatidylcholine enrichment. 

Crude HEAR and LEAR oils inevitably contain some nonglyceride impurities from the biosynthetically active parts of the seed (Carr, 1978). The polar lipids from a HEAR (cv. Sinus) and a LEAR (cv. Janpol) were recently examined by Sosulski et al. (1981). The results (Tables XVII and XVIII) are even more comparable In polar lipid class composition to soybean "lecithin" (Scholfield, 1981 Pardun, 1982) than previously reported by Zajac and Niewiadomski (1975) for HEAR lipids (Ackman, 1977). European HEAR (cv. Norde) phospholipids and fatty acids have been compared to those of LEAR (cv. Oro) by Alter and Gutfinger (1982). The proportion of neutral lipid is a variable that results from the type of processing and would normally be minimized. It is of interest that an alleged soy lecithin evaluated for mink feed closely resembled in fatty acid composition the HEAR lipids (Table XVIII), with 2.0-5.0% of 22 1 (Lund, 1980). If this was in fact rapeseed lecithin the beneficial results of this diet can be added to other nutritional studies (e.g., McCuaig and Bell, 1980, 1981) on HEAR and LEAR gums. 

Another way to increase the phosphatidylcholine content in lecithin is enzymatic transesterification after the addition of choline. Alternatively, modification can be achieved by the addition of free fatty acids, which make the product more fluid. Chemical modification of lecithin (hydrogenation and hydroxylation of the double bonds of fatty acids) is used to increase its stabihty against oxidation. For specific purposes, a phosphohpid concentrate (>90% ofphospho-hpids) is produced by a selective extraction that separates neutral hpids, especially triacylglycerols and free fatty acids. The most important product for industrial purposes is soy lecithin. Its composition is shown in Table 3.33. Rapeseed lecithin and sunflower lecithin have quite a different phosphohpid fraction composition. 

Sourcing of identity preserved (IP) non-GMO (genetically modified organism) soya lecithin for the European food market has changed drastically the lecithin world market supply system since 1996. Traditional non-GMO soya beans availability wiU become scarcer, which presents a market opportunity for high-quality IP soya, sunflower and rapeseed lecithins. 

Some European countries, such as Hungary, Ukraine and France, and Argentina grow and process sunflower seeds for oil production. Rapeseed lecithin is produced in some Canadian and European crushing plants. In principle it is possible to process lecithin with good phospholipid composition from expelled seed oils only, but the availability is small. 

Phospholipid Soya lecithin Sunflower lecithin Rapeseed lecithin... 

Fatty acids Soybean Rapeseed Sunflower-seed lecithin Egg lecithin... 

Sources of Lecithin. The main commercial source of lecithin is the soy bean. Lecithins are also produced from sunflower, rapeseed, maize and in small quantities peanuts. It can be produced from egg yolk but this is not commercially competitive. In the future it might be possible to produce lecithins from microorganisms. 

Rapeseed -extraction using SCFs [SUPERCRITICAL FLUIDS] (Vol 23) -fatty acid source [CARBOXYLIC ACIDS - ECONOMIC ASPECTS] (Vol 5) -lecithin m [LECITHIN] (Vol 15)... 

Native or hydrogenated palm, palm kernel, rapeseed, soya, pemiut, coconut, castor, cotton oils, cocoa butter and their derivatives (obtained by fractionation, esterification, concentration mid/or reconstitution fatty acids mid cohols, mono-, di- and triglycerides, cocoa butter substitutes, mmgmine, shortenings, acetylated glycerides, lecithins, etc)... 

Cmde oils generally contain phospholipids that are removed during the degum-ming stage of refining as a crude mixture (lecithin). This valuable product is the basis of the phospholipid industry, and phospholipids are used extensively in food products, in animal feeds, and in industrial processes. The major members are phosphatidylcholines, phosphatidylethanolamines, and phosphatidylinositols and are accompanied by smaller proportions of other phospholipids. Soybean oil (3.2%), rapeseed oil (2.5%), and sunflower seed oil (1.5%) contain the proportions of total phospholipids indicated in parentheses and are the main sources of commercial lecithins, especially soya lecithin. Palm oil contains little or no phospholipids (7-9). 

Lecithin Soy Corn Sunflower Rapeseed Egg Bovine Brain... 

The European reaction to traces of GMO DNA in foods has markedly affected the uses of phospholipids in food and health applications. The consumers right to know, and ingredient users avoidance of GM products, has led to a decrease in soybean and corn lecithin usage, with a shift to the usage of soft-seed lecithins (rapeseed and sunflower) that are non-GMO. 

From a commercial point of view, soybean is the most important source for lecithin however, lecithin production from sunflower (180) and rapeseed (181-183) wet gum has also been successful. Wet gum is removed during the first refining step of crude oil that is the degumming process. Traditionally, crude oil obtained from solvent-extraction process is agitated with 1-3% water at elevated temperatures (70-80°C). Under these conditions, phosphohpids and glycohpids start to swell and become insoluble in the oil. The hydrated mass is removed via centrifugation, and the dehydration is carried out under vacuum until the residual moisture is below 1%. 

Lecithins are essential components of cell membranes and, in principle, may be obtained from a wide variety of living matter. In practice, however, lecithins are usually obtained from vegetable products such as soybean, peanut, cottonseed, sunflower, rapeseed, corn, or groundnut oils. Soybean lecithin is the most commercially important vegetable lecithin. Lecithin... 

Nanoliposomes compared to liposomes provide more surface area and have the potential to increase solubility, enhance bioavailability, and improve controlled release. The principal constituents of nanoliposomes are phospholipids for example, soya, rapeseed, and marine lecithin used by Zhang et al. (2012b). Jimenez et al. (2014) incorporated antimicrobial volatile compounds (orange EO and limonene) into soy and rapeseed nanoliposomes. These were then added to starch sodium caseinate film, forming dispersions. The antimicrobial activity of these films was not observed probably due to the encapsulation, which made difficult their release from the matrix (Jimenez et al., 2014). 

Zhang, H. Y., Tehrany, E. A., Kahn, C. J. R, Pon90t, M., Linder, M., and Cleymand, R (2012b). Effects of nanoliposomes based on soya, rapeseed and fish lecithins on chitosan thin films designed for tissue engineering. Carbohydrate Polymers, 88, 618-627. 

Lecithin and cephalin are common phosphatides found in edible oils. Soybean, canola/rapeseed, com, and cottonseed are the major oils that contain significant quantities of phosphatides. Alkaline treatment used for FFA reduction is also capable of removing most... 

Crude soya bean oil contains 3% phospholipids with about 35% of this in the form of lecithin (phosphatidyl choline) (10.47). Rapeseed oil contains 2% and Sunflower seed oil -1.5% total phospholipids. Palm oil, another large tonnage edible oil, usually contains hardly any. Phospholipids are present in margarine where they contribute to its special properties (see above). The small phospholipid content of cereal starch is responsible for its function as a crumb softener when added to bread (see below). 

Other somewhat less-rich sources of lecithin are cottonseed, rapeseed and sunflower oils, but palm oil contains very little (Figure 12.31). Soya beans account for over half the world production of all oilseeds and vegetable oils. The United States is the largest soya producer ( 60%) and Brazil the second ( 20%) (Tables 12.44 and 12.45). 

This processing step is of special importance for rapeseed and soybean oils. Water (2-3%) is added to crude oil, thereby enriching the phospholipids in the oil/water interface. The emulsion thus formed is heated up to 80 °C and then separated or clarified by centrifugation. The crude lecithin (cf. 3.4.1.1) is isolated from... 

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