Rapeseed production data

As a simulation example we treat the production of biodiesel from rapeseed in a plant capacity of 200 ktonne per year. The feedstock has a high content of oleic acid triglyceride, around 65%, such that the kinetic data from Section 14.6 can be used for sketching the design of the reaction section. For simplification, we consider that the oil was pretreated for removing impurities and gums, as well as FFA by esterification over solid catalyst. The free fatty acids and water content in oil feed should be less than 0.5%w. NaOH and KOH in 0.5 to 1.5% w/w are used as catalysts. 

Flor et al. (1993) were the first to develop criteria for the authentication of olive oil based on vegetable oil HPLC data. They observed that corn, cottonseed, soyabean, sunflower and safflower oils, to mention the most important commercial products, have large peaks for LLL, LLO and LLP but generally smaller LOO and LOP peaks (abbreviations P, palmitic O, oleic S, stearic L, linoleic Ln, linolenic Po, palmitoleic). Additional typical peaks were observed LnLL peak (ca. 7%) in soyabean and LnLO peak (ca. 7%) in rapeseed oils, respectively. Other relevant compositional pictures were observed peanut oil displays a relatively small LLL peak (ca. 3.5%) but larger LLO and LLP peaks (ca. 18.2, 5.9%, respectively). 

From the data presented in Table XIV, which are averages for the 5 year period from 1977 to 1981, some facts can be derived as to the production and trade of rapeseed. The Eastern European countries are major producers of rapeseed and rapeseed oil but export relatively little (<10%). On the other hand, Sweden and Denmark also produce large amounts of rapeseed, but half of the rapeseed and 60% of the oil is exported. The third group of countries which includes France, West Germany, United Kingdom, Netherlands, Italy, and Finland, characteristically has both a high production and consumption of rapeseed oil. From the rapeseed and rapeseed oil export-import figures, it is clear that considerable trade occurs as well. 

Data of biodiesel production from Ecoinvent database is used for a typical production process. Rapeseed oil harvest is included covering biomass growth, application of fertilization, pesticides, agricultural machineries, harvest and transportation to a diesel production plant within 200km. Diesel conversion process covers the conversion process and its irtiUties as well as the life cycle of the plantation facilities. 

Table 1.2 presents the world trends in production and consumption of the 17 major oils and fats as tabulated and forecast by Oil World Annual (1992). During these 4 years, stocks declined from a 59-day supply based upon world consumption (1987-1988) to 47 days in 1990-1991 and is expected to be 44.6 days at the end of the current marketing year. The major producers of soybean, palm, rapeseed, sunflower, cottonseed and peanut oils in 1991-1992 with 1989-1990 data in parentheses are shown in Table 1.3. 

Data on the production of oilseeds and other crops are summarized in Table 14.0. The world production of vegetable fats has multiplied since the time before the Second World War (Table 14.1). There has been a significant rise in production since 1964 of soybean, palm and sunflower oils, as well as rapeseed oil. Soybean oil, butter and edible beef fat and lard are most commonly produced in FR Germany (Table 14.1). The per capita consumption of plant oils in Germany has increased in the past years (Table 14.2). 

Other potential sources of plant sterols are rapeseed sterols obtained from the production of fatty acid methyl esters for biodiesel fuel, and sterols contained in other food processing by-products such as maize fiber. However, these sterol blends do not currently have the required safety and efficacy data for commercial use in functional foods. 

The binary solubility data of rapeseed oil and carbon dioxide were measured at three different temperatures, 313, 333 and 353 K (Fig. 15.5). As mentioned before, the solubility of CO2 in rapeseed oil also increases with rising pressure and falling temperature. The highest solubility of nearly 34 wt% was measured at 313 K and 30.9 MPa. The measured data was compared to literatiu e [14] as depicted in Fig. 15.7. The results obtained in this work for 313 and 333 K show lower CO2 solubility. These deviations are however relatively small (1-2 wt%), especially when taking into account that the rapeseed oil used is not a standardised product. Therefore, they can be explained with deviations in the composition of the vegetable oil [13]. 

As mentioned in Section 15.5 of this chapter, rapeseed meal extracts are potent free radical scavengers. To further investigate the antioxidative power, inhibition of hydroperoxides and propanal/hexanal in o/w emulsion was investigated. During auto-oxidation in the emulsion, different data for oxidation status were determined, such as increases in the primary and secondary oxidation products during the course of incubation, and percent inhibition as compared with the control. It is important to use more than one method to determine the antioxidant activity to evaluate the... 

The data (and their sources) used to calculate the carbon contents, vq, and the conversion efficiency factors, cv, and the calculations themselves, are given in Appendix 2. As tq we use 0.61, 0.44 and 0.43 for rapeseed, maize, and sugar cane, respectively. We derive values of cv = 0.58 for rapeseed bio-diesel, cv = 0.37 for maize bio-ethanol, and cv = 0.30 for sugar cane ethanol production. 

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