Double zero rapeseed

Solvent-extracted rapeseed oil has been found to contain the highest level of phosphorus. For this reason, it is common practice to degum solvent-extracted oil or the mixed crude oil from pressing and subsequent solvent-extraction. As the double-zero rapeseed varieties such as canola became available, the applications of rapeseed lecithin have developed positively. Where at first rapeseed lecithin was applied as an emulsifier and energy component in animal feed, the recent concerns about GMO soybean varieties in some parts of the world have increased the market value of the softseed lecithins for food applications (45). The phospholipid composition is similar to soybean lecithin with variations due to crop and processing conditions. The rapeseed phospholipid compositions in Table 12 have been confirmed by recent data, whereas the soybean lecithin composition in... 

The annual average price for double-zero rapeseed from Europe (GIF Hamburg) was 260 US per ton in 2005, climbed to 605 US per ton in 2008, and reached an average of 389 US per ton for the year 2009. Prices for rapeseed meal are lower than for soybean meal because of the lower protein content The average price for European rapeseed meal with a protein content of 34% (Hamburg, EOB ex-mill) was 204 US per ton in 2009 (9). 

Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is the third largest oil crop after soybean and oil palm, with 12% of the world oil market and the main production areas in Europe (35%), China (26%), India (14%), and Canada (8%). Canola oil (double zero rapeseed) developed through conventional plant breeding from rapeseed is used for the production of margarine, spreads, dairy blends, animal feed, emulsifiers, vitamin E, healthy cooking oils, etc. 

Other Whole Oilseeds. Various oilseeds have been fed whole, or dehulled, when available for feed at competitive prices or in grades substandard for extraction but still wholesome for feeding. Examples include safflower (Carthamus tinctorius), fat content 35%, dmb and oil-type sunflower seed fat content 44%, dmb. Currently, interest is high in feeding whole canola seed (41 6% oil) in Canada and northern European countries. Double-zero strains of Brassica napus (rapeseed, oilseed rape, swede rape, and Argentine rape) and Brassica campestris (turnip rape, oil... 

Typically, this oil was rich in erucic acid, which is still available from high-erucic rapeseed oil (HEAR) or from crambe oil. Erucic acid is mildly toxic to humans in large doses but is used as a food additive in smaller doses. The variety low in erucic acid (<5% or <2%) and also in glu-cosinolates (LEAR, double zero) is now more important. The oil typically contains palmitic (4%), stearic (2%), oleic (56%), linoleic (26%), and linolenic acids (10%). Rapeseed lends itself to genetic manipulation and rapeseed oil containing a lower level of linolenic acid or higher levels of lauric, stearic, or oleic acid or new acids, such as 8-linolenic, ricinoleic, or vemolic acids, are being developed for commercial exploitation. ... 

At first, low emcic acid (less than 5%, meanwhile less than 2.5%) cultivars were developed. Later, one was also successful in breeding low glucosinolate varieties, finally yielding so-called double-zero cultivars now almost exclusively sown. In Canada, this rapeseed especially suited for edible purposes is referred to as canola [3]. As erucic acid has been primarily replaced by oleic acid, the fatty acid fraction of low-erucic acid rapeseed oil is composed of 52-66% oleic acid, 17-25% linoleic acid, and 8-11% Hnolenic acid. 

Despite these precautions, small amounts of volatile sulfur compounds are formed. However, they are removed during the refining process. Irrespective of technical achievements in rape-seed production and processing, the selection and breeding of rapeseed double zero cultivars is being continued. 

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