Fatty acid distribution

Fats and oils may be synthesized in enantiomerically pure forms in the laboratory (30) or derived from vegetable sources (mainly from nuts, beans, and seeds), animal depot fats, fish, or marine mammals. Oils obtained from other sources differ markedly in their fatty acid distribution. Table 2 shows compositions for a wide variety of oils. One variation in composition is the chain length of the fatty acid. Butterfat, for example, has a fairly high concentration of short- and medium-chain saturated fatty acids. Oils derived from cuphea are also a rich source of capric acid which is considered to be medium in chain length (32). Palm kernel and coconut oils are known as lauric oils because of their high content of C-12 saturated fatty acid (lauric acid). Rapeseed oil, on the other hand, has a fairly high concentration of long-chain (C-20 and C-22) fatty acids. 

Sohd fats may show drastically different melting behavior. Animal fats such as tallow have fatty acids distributed almost randomly over all positions on the glycerol chain. These fats melt over a fairly broad temperature range. Conversely, cocoa has unsaturated fatty acids predominantly in the 2 position and saturated acids in the 1 and 3 positions. Cocoa butter is a brittle sohd at ambient temperature but melts rapidly just below body temperature. 

Oils are mixtures of mixed esters with different fatty acids distributed among the ester molecules. Generally, identification of specific esters is not attempted instead the oils are characterized by analysis of the fatty acid composition (8,9). The principal methods have been gas—Hquid and high performance Hquid chromatographic separation of the methyl esters of the fatty acids obtained by transesterification of the oils. Mass spectrometry and nmr are used to identify the individual esters. It has been reported that the free fatty acids obtained by hydrolysis can be separated with equal accuracy by high performance Hquid chromatography (10). A review of the identification and deterrnination of the various mixed triglycerides is available (11). 

Unsaturated fatty acids are the preponderant fatty acids of cucurbit oils, and in some seeds conjugated triene comprises one-third of this unsaturation. Table I shows the fatty acid distribution in oils of cucurbit seeds (1 ). More recent determinations (7, 27, 3U 33) are in close agreement with these results. Occasionally a species... 

Fatty acid distribution is significant from two viewpoints ... 

It affects the melting point and hardness of the fat, which can be reduced by randomizing the fatty acid distribution. Transesterification can be performed by treatment with SnCl2 or enzymatically under certain conditions increasing attention is being focused on the latter as an acceptable means of modifying the hardness of butter. 

Carbon dioxide-extracted oils have the same fatty acid distribution as do hexane extracts, but they are clear, light yellow, high grade oils. It must be concluded that the phospholipids are not extracted with CO2. 

Flaxseed has a high ALA content, generally constituting 50-62% of total fatty acids (Daun et al., 2003). Dorrell (1970) reported that fatty acid distribution in flaxseed varied depending on the anatomical fractions. The hull is the main source of palmitic acid, but it has a relatively low oil content. Lower oleic and ALA and higher linoleic contents are present in the embryo compared to whole seed. Oomah and Mazza (1997) also observed higher levels of palmitic acid in the hull. However, the hull and whole seed gave similar ALA values, compared to dehulled seed. 

FATTY ACID DISTRIBUTION OF LIPIDS EXTRACTED FROM ROASTED FLAXSEED 46... 

Brockerhoff, H., Yurkovski, M., Hoyle, R.J. and Ackman, R.G. (1964). Fatty acid distribution in lipids of marine plankton. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 21,1379-1384. 

Hayasaka et al. [157] reported the determination of the fatty acid distribution in mouse retina by using AgNPs in nano-PALDI-IMS. The sections were sliced to a thickness of 10 pm and sprayed with AgNPs or DHB matrix solution at 50 mg/mL in 70 % methanol/0.1%TFA. The mouse retinal sections were analyzed at a high spatial resolution with a scan pitch of 10 pm. The MS images showed the distribution of palmitic acid, linoleic acid, oleic acid, stearic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), arachidonic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). 

Parkes, R.J., and Taylor, J. (1983) The relationship between fatty acid distributions and bacterial respiratory types in contemporary marine sediments. Estuar. Coastal Shelf Sci. 16, 173-189. 

For personal care applications, the major products in this group are amphoacetates or amphodiacetates , generally based on alkyl hydroxyethyl imidazolines from either a whole coconut fatty acid distribution or a lauric cut. The ampho portion of their name is a convention established by the International Nomenclature Committee for Cosmetic Products (INCI) to indicate that they are derived from imidazoline structures. The INCI nomenclature applied to these materials, amphoacetate and amphodiacetate, is intended to give an indication of the stoichiometry used to produce them, either 1 or 2 mol of sodium chloroacetate is added to each mole of fatty imidazoline. Modern analytical methods have been used to determine the structure of these products and almost all of them are actually monoacetates . The main difference between amphoacetates and ampho diacetates is the composition of the by-products. 

Stereospecific analysis of milk fat fractions containing triacylglycerols of different molecular weight have shown that, for fatty acids of chain length C4 to Ci6, the general pattern of fatty acid distribution in normal milk fat is similar to the pattern of distribution in the triacylglycerol fractions of different... 

Chemical interesterification randomizes the fatty acid distribution in the triacylglycerol. The extent of modification of the fat depends on the composition of the starting fat and whether a single or a blend of fats is used and the conditions of the chemical interesterification process (Mickle et al., 1963 Huyghebaert et al., 1986 Rousseau and Marangoni, 2002). 

Israel, L., Corina, M., and Michael, F. 1992. Fatty acid distribution among some red algal macrophytes. J. Phycol.,28, 299-304. 

Titre FFA FACh Moist. Iodine Fatty Acids Distribution ... 

TABLE 36.1 Fatty Acid Distribution and Analytical Characterization of Soap Base Fatty Acids... 

Fatty Acid Distribution Coconut Stripped Coconut Palm Kernel Palm Tallow... 

Figure 2-10 Fatty Acid Distribution in the Triacylglycerols of Vegetable Oils...

In directed interesterification, the course of the reaction is shifted away from production of a population of acylglycerols with a fully random fatty acid distribution. This is achieved by a modification of reaction conditions to selectively remove from reaction some of the produced acylglycerol species as they are formed. Most... 

TABLE 6. Fatty Acid Distributions of 82 Acids in Butter Fat. a ... 

Few compilations of the extensive fatty acid distributions in butter fat have been made since Iverson et al. (17) reported quantitative data on 82 fatty acids that were detected by means of urea fractionation and gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) (Table 6). Table 7 provides the fatty acid composition of bovine milk lipids. 

The fatty acid distribution in esterified sterols differs from that found for canola oil. In the sterol esters, higher levels of palmitic and stearic acids were observed. All three major sterols were equally distributed in esterified and free sterol fractions in canola oil. Twice the amount of brassicasterol was found in free sterols than in esterified sterols. The total amount of sterols in rapeseed and canola oils ranges from 0.7% to 1.0%. The composition of major sterols in common vegetable oils is presented in Table 8. 

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