Rapeseed/canola seed

Roth-Maier, D.A. (1999) Investigations on feeding full-fat canola seed and canola meal to poultry. In Santen, E., van Wink, M. and Weissmann, S. (eds) Proceedings of the 10th International Rapeseed Congress. Canberra, Australia. 

Other Whole Oilseeds. Various oilseeds have been fed whole, or dehulled, when available for feed at competitive prices or in grades substandard for extraction but still wholesome for feeding. Examples include safflower (Carthamus tinctorius), fat content 35%, dmb and oil-type sunflower seed fat content 44%, dmb. Currently, interest is high in feeding whole canola seed (41 6% oil) in Canada and northern European countries. Double-zero strains of Brassica napus (rapeseed, oilseed rape, swede rape, and Argentine rape) and Brassica campestris (turnip rape, oil... 

Rapeseed/canola oil (Table 1.10) now occupies the third position in rank order of production of oils and fats. Using local seeds and/or imported seeds the oil... 

Hundreds of additional B. napus and B. rapa double-low rapeseed (canola) cultivars have been developed and released in Canada since the 1970s. These new double-low rapeseed (canola) cultivars have incremental improvements in agronomic performance or seed quality. 

Two additional low-linolenic acid double-low rapeseed (canola) cultivars with incremental improvements in agronomic performance, Apollo (Scarth et al. 1995) and Allons (Scarth et al. 1997), were developed and released by the University of Manitoba. There was limited commercial production of these low-linolenic acid, double-low rapeseed (canola) cultivars in Canada. More recently, high-stability oil double-low rapeseed (canola) cultivars that have low linolenic acid concentrations (<3%) and high oleic acid concentrations (>70%) have been developed. These new high-oleic acid, low-linolenic acid, high-stability oil, double-low rapeseed (canola) cultivars have competitive seed yields and are commercially successful (Canola Council of Canada 2008). 

Mustard plants belong to the Brassicaceae (Cmciferae) family, which also includes quite a number of food crops cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, turnip, rapeseed (canola), radish, horseradish, cress, and watercress. Mustard seeds used in food are collected from the following plant species ... 

ELISA Systems Mustard Seed Protein Residue kit was released in June 2007. A polyclonal rabbit antiserum was raised and used to develop a quantitative sandwich ELISA that has been demonstrated to detect mustard seed protein from aU three species of mustard plants S. alba, B. nigra, and B. juncea [5]. The detection limit of the kit has been shown to be less than 0.5 ppm (mg/kg) of soluble mustard protein, which corresponds to mustard seed concentrations below 3.4ppm S. alba, below 4.9 ppm B. nigra, and below 5.5 ppm B. juncea. An example of a calibration curve is presented in Figure 23.1. Cross-reactivity studies were conducted on full-strength extracts from 50 plants and other common foods, and cross-reactivity was observed only with rapeseed (Canola), Brassica napus. This cross-reactivity was approximately 50%, but purified canola oil did not cross react. 

Canada and the United States produce between 7 and 10 million metric tons of canola seed per year. Annual Canadian exports total 3-4 million metric tons of the seed, 700,000 metric tons of canola oil, and 1 million metric tons of canola meal. The United States is the net consumer of canola oil. The major customers of canola seed are Japan, Mexico, China, and Pakistan, while the bulk of canola oil and meal goes to the United States, with smaller amounts shipped to Taiwan, Mexico, China, and Europe. The world production of rapeseed oil in 2002-2003 was about 14 million metric tons. ... 

Due to climate- and soil-related cultivation restrictions, different oil crops are characteristic for different parts of the world. Nevertheless, a global market exists and international trade in oil seeds, vegetable oils, and respective by-products is significant. The major oil crops worldwide are oil palm, soybean, rapeseed (canola), and sunfiower (see Table 4.1). The latter three are described in more detail below. Palm oil, which is obtained from the oil palm tree mainly planted in South East Asia (especially in Indonesia and Malaysia), grew to be the vegetable oil with the highest consumption (42.1 million tons, 30%) ahead of soybean oil (37.9 million tons, 28%) [1]. It has several applications in food, oleochemicals, and other industries [2], while it is also discussed as a major source for biodiesel. 

The world production of rapeseed meal is shown in Table VI. In Asia essentially all the locally produced meal is of the high glucosinolate type. It is used principally for fertilizer with small amounts fed to ruminants. However, most countries importing rapeseed now prefer the Canadian canola seed because of the superior nutritional value of the low glucosinolate meal. The Chinese are very interested in developing low glucosinolate cultivars for their own use for similar reasons. 

Interest in producing canola has been increasing in areas suitable for its production, i.e., in Alaska (Wooding et al., 1978) and in some of the Midwestern States. In Alaska, some canola is being grown in commercial quantities on recently developed land. In the Midwest, the estimated area in 1979 was 40,000 hectares (equivalent to about 36,000 tonnes of rapeseed). Canola was produced on "set aside" acreage and the seed was exported to Canada and japan (Clancy, 1979). Present information indicates that canola is not being crushed in the United States. 

The term canola, accentuating the excellent quality factors the plant breeders have introduced into canola seed, is a significant step forward in marketing. The nutritional content of double low canola seed is superior to the old varieties of rapeseed in respect to both the oil and meal. Since Canada is leading the world at the moment in the development of the double low varieties this gives her a distinct advantage in expanding market share for these products. 

The process has been used for extracting rapeseed/canola oil (Owusu-Ansah, 1988 unpublished Sosulski and Sosulski, 1990) and can be extended to other plant materials such as coconut, peanut, cottonseed and sunflower seeds. The process uses conventional process flows and equipment. 

Several factors make the process particularly appealing to the rape-seed/canola industry. As such, most of the developmental work on the process has been done with canola/rapeseed. Although seed varieties with low levels of glucosinolates are now in use in the rapeseed/canola industry, other compounds such as tannins, sinapine and phytic acids are still significantly abundant in the seeds and remain in the meal produced by conventional extraction processes. The enzymatic aqueous process yields a final meal with significantly reduced levels of these compounds (Table 12.4). 

These oils are pressed or extracted from a variety of plant seeds. Of primary importance as sources of edible oil on a world basis are soybeans, cottonseed, peanuts, corn germ, olives, coconut, rapeseed (canola), sesame, sunflower, safflower, cocoa beans, and various oil palms. 

The development of the double low rapeseed placed Canada at the forefront of rapeseed breeding in the world. To distinguish the superior edible products derived from double-low varieties of B. napus and B. campestris, the Western Canadian Oilseed Crushers Association trademarked the term canola in 1978. The word canola stands for Canadian oil, low acid. This trademark was subsequently transferred to the Canola Council of Canada (the name also changing from the Rapeseed Association of Canada) in 1980. The success of canola can be seen from the approximate 7 million tonnes of canola seed produced in Canada each year, of which half is exported with the remainder crushed domestically. In Canada, approximately 90% of canola oil is used for salad and cooking oils while 50% of shortening and margarine oils are produced from canola. 

Ismail, F., Eskin, N.A.M., and Vaisey-Genser, M. 1980. The effect of dockage on the stabihty of rapeseed oil. 6th Progress Report on Canola Seed, Oil, Meal and Meal Fractions. Canola Council of Canada Pubhcation. No. 5, 234—239. 

The leading producers of other oilseeds are for rapeseed/canola—China, the EC-12 (European Common Market), India, Canada, and Eastern European countries for sunflower seed—Russia, Argentina, the EC-12, and Eastern European countries for ground nuts, peanuts—India, China, and the United States ... 

Many factors dictate which oilseed species will be grown and /or imported into a country. The local need for high-protein feed meals probably is the leading factor. As shown in Table 8.6, the oil content of row crop oilseeds varies from about 20 percent for soybeans to 45 percent for sunflower seed and 43 to 45 percent for rapeseed/canola. More feed coproducts always are produced than oils—by a ratio of as much as 4 1 in the case of soybeans. Soybean meal is the major feed protein source for production of poultry, currently the leading domestic and global meat source, and for the rapidly developing aquaculture industries. For example, Malaysia, which produces nearly two-thirds of the... 

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