High-erucic rapeseed oil

H00C(CH2)Vobtained from high-erucic rapeseed oil, a commodity that is now produced mainly in eastern Europe. High-erucic rapeseed is raised on a modest scale in U.S., and it could be more widely grown. Its oil contains about 45 weight per-cent of erucic acid. 

The traditional source of erucic acid was rapeseed oil before this acid was bred out of that oil because of its reported adverse health effects. Most rapeseed oil now contains less than 2% of erucic acid. The two major sources of erucic acid are high-erucic rapeseed oil (HEAR) containing about 50% of erucic acid and crambe oil with 55-60% of erucic acid. As will be reported later (Section 9.4), attempts to produce a still higher erucic rapeseed oil are being made by genetic engineering. Crambe oil (from Crambe abyssinica) is grown most extensively in North Dakota and to a lesser extent in Holland. 

Abbreviations HEAR—High erucic rapeseed oil CAN—Canola oil LLCAN—Low linolenic canola oil HOCAN—High oleic canola oil HOLLCAN—High oleic low linolenic canola oil SOY—Soybean oil SUN—Sunflower oil. 

Typically, this oil was rich in erucic acid, which is still available from high-erucic rapeseed oil (HEAR) or from crambe oil. Erucic acid is mildly toxic to humans in large doses but is used as a food additive in smaller doses. The variety low in erucic acid (<5% or <2%) and also in glu-cosinolates (LEAR, double zero) is now more important. The oil typically contains palmitic (4%), stearic (2%), oleic (56%), linoleic (26%), and linolenic acids (10%). Rapeseed lends itself to genetic manipulation and rapeseed oil containing a lower level of linolenic acid or higher levels of lauric, stearic, or oleic acid or new acids, such as 8-linolenic, ricinoleic, or vemolic acids, are being developed for commercial exploitation. ... 

Although similar in structure to common fatty acids, eru-cic acid (Z-13-docosenoic acid) (66), when fed to rats at as little as 15% of their caloric intake, produced myocarditis (accumulation of lipids in the heart) (Fig. 2.28). Eventually, myocardial fibrosis and other abnormalities were observed. Because rapeseed oil was widely used for margarine production, a breeding program was initiated to produce new varieties in which most or all of the erucic acid is replaced with oleic acid. This new product is called canola oil. High erucic rapeseed oil is still used to prepare lubricants (Simpson and Conner-Ogorzaly, 1986). Both types are cultivated. 

Chem. Descrip. High erucic rapeseed oil CAS 8002-13-9 EINECS/ELINCS 232-2994)... 

B. is contained in - peanut oil and can be produced commercially by - hydrogenation of - erucic acid or by - splitting of hydrogenated, high-erucic rapeseed oil with subsequent fractionation. Purities of up to 94% are commercially available. 

Presence of C22 l High erucic rapeseed (not normally considered an edible oil) could also be mustard oil... 

Crambe Crambe abyssinica, C. hispanicd). Present interest in this oil, particularly in North Dakota and in Holland, depends on the fact that it is a potential source of erucic acid (50-55%) that finds several industrial uses. This was once the major acid in rapeseed oU, but modem varieties of this seed produce a low-emcic oil (such as canola) suitable for food use. High-emcic rapeseed oil is stUl grown for industrial purposes, and attempts are being made to increase the level of this C22 acid from around 50% to over 65% and even to 90% by genetic engineering (22-23, 44, 99-102). 

In the Orient, both rapeseed and mustard oils are used extensively for food and large quantities of mustard are produced for oil in India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. In Canada and Europe there is no production of mustard oil for edible oil purposes. All edible Canadian rapeseed oil is now from canola varieties, i.e., derived from seed low in erucic acid and low in glucosino-lates. High erucic acid rapeseed oil is used exclusively for industrial purposes, such as lubricants, slip agents for molds, and polymers. In Canada these high erucic acid oils are produced and marketed separately from canola oil. Rapeseed oils in the Western World are either very low in erucic acid for edible use or very high (over 40%) in erucic acid for industrial use. 

Fatty acid Palm stearin Rapeseed oil Rapeseed oil (low erucic acid) Safflowerseed oil Safflowerseed oil (high oleic acid) Sesameseed oil Soyabean oil Sunflowerseed oil Sunflowerseed oil (high oleic acid)... 

Kawamura, K. 1981. The DSC thermal analysis of crystallization behavior in high erucic acid rapeseed oil.. / Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 58, 826-829. 

Fully Hydrogenated Rapeseed Oil occurs as a white, waxy, odorless solid that is a mixture of triglycerides. The saturated fatty acids are found in the same proportions that result from the full hydrogenation of fatty acids occurring in natural high erucic acid rapeseed oil. The rapeseed oil is obtained from Brassica juncea,... 

Brassica napus, and Brassica rapa of the family Cruciferae. It is made by hydrogenating high erucic acid rapeseed oil in the presence of a nickel catalyst at temperatures not exceeding 245°. 

Elongation by two carbon atoms occurs commonly in fatty acid biosynthesis. It is a variant of de novo chain-lengthening and occurs with acetyl or malonyl CoA or ACP derivatives. The substrate is any preformed saturated or unsaturated acid. For example, erucic (22 1) in high-emcic acid rapeseed oil and nervonic acid (24 1) in seed oil are formed from oleic acid by two and three elongations, respectively ... 

Rapeseed oils still higher in lauric acid, high in erucic, palmitic, oleic, or linoleic acid, or containing Cg and Cjo acids, myristic, stearic, petroselinic, ricinoleic, vernolic, or y-linolenic acid, and wax esters in place of the normal triacylglycerols (Table 11). 

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