Rapeseed meal import

Inconsistent data on foaming properties of rapeseed protein concentrates and isolates [74,75] underline the important influence of the technological process used to obtain the protein preparations upon FC. Thus native rapeseed globulin, which gave a very high FC comparable to that of napin, did not show a reduction of FC after moderate or high succinylation [75], Succinylation of rapeseed meal prior to protein extraction resulted, however, in modified isolates with poor foaming properties [74],... 

The world production of rapeseed meal is shown in Table VI. In Asia essentially all the locally produced meal is of the high glucosinolate type. It is used principally for fertilizer with small amounts fed to ruminants. However, most countries importing rapeseed now prefer the Canadian canola seed because of the superior nutritional value of the low glucosinolate meal. The Chinese are very interested in developing low glucosinolate cultivars for their own use for similar reasons. 

This section covers the production, imports, and exports of rapeseed, rapeseed oil, and rapeseed meal by country. As is implied in Tables VII to XI, rapeseed can be transported as the intact seed for processing at the destination, or it can be processed at the place of origin and shipped as oil or meal. In the discussion to follow, the major rapeseed producing countries are discussed separately. 

Japan is the largest importer of rapeseed in the world (Table VIII), largely because they prefer rapeseed oil for cooking, japan itself produces relatively little rapeseed (Table IV), but their imports of rapeseed have increased steadily since 1971 to a total of 1,200,000 tonnes in 1981. Most of this comes from Canada. As would be expected, the production of rapeseed meal in Japan has also increased during the past decade to 684,000 tonnes in 1981. As the Canadian production of rapeseed has shifted to the canola types, so has the Japanese crushing since it is derived largely from the import of Canadian seed. The canola meal in Japan is now used extensively in feeding livestock. 

Qiao and Classen (2003) also reported minor effects cansed by dietary treatment of sinapine on tissue measurements. The authors proposed that the hind gut might be an important metabolic site for sinapine because aU the diets containing sinapine reduced the empty weight of caeca. The ileal digestibility of SNP was 35-42%, 27-38% and 30-46% for sinapine bisulphate, sinapine ethanol extract and rapeseed meal sinapine, respectively, while faecal digestibility values were 68-72%, 65-75% and 54-63% for the same treatment groups. A major metabolic pathway of sinapine via hydrolysis into sinapic acid and choline in the digestive tract was identified. 

As mentioned in Section 15.5 of this chapter, rapeseed meal extracts are potent free radical scavengers. To further investigate the antioxidative power, inhibition of hydroperoxides and propanal/hexanal in o/w emulsion was investigated. During auto-oxidation in the emulsion, different data for oxidation status were determined, such as increases in the primary and secondary oxidation products during the course of incubation, and percent inhibition as compared with the control. It is important to use more than one method to determine the antioxidant activity to evaluate the... 

Soybean meal is the most frequently used source of supplemental protein in the United States (5). Cottonseed meal is another important protein supplement. Both meals are by-products from oil extraction of the seeds. Canola meal is derived from rapeseed low in emcic acid [112-86-7] and glucosinolates. Linseed (derived from flax seed), peanut, sunflower, safflower, sesame, coconut, and palm kernel meals are other sources of supplemental protein that are by-products of oil extraction (4). 

Palm oil exporters had hoped that China would replace lagging Indian sales by raising its import quota. China officially entered the WTO on December 11, 2001. China s accession agreement stipulated that its 2002 tariff-rate quota (TRQ) on soybean oil increase to 2.518 million tons and the within-quota tariff fall from 13 percent to 9 percent. Tariffs on soybeans and soybean meal were bound at their previous rates. But ample domestic production of soybean and rapeseed oils continued to limit China s need for vegetable oil imports. 

Rapeseed has become an important crop in the temperate zones of the world, with production in more than 30 countries on 5 continents. The productive capacity of the crop and the nutritive value of its protein have made rapeseed a leading potential source of food and feed protein ingredients. Oilseed rapeseed was grown in India over 3000 years ago, and at least 2000 years ago in China and Japan. It is not clear when rapeseed oil became a food oil in addition to its use as a fuel for lamp lighting and for soap and candles. Throughout most of the long history of this crop, the cake or meal was used as a fertilizer or soil conditioner, a practice that persists today in China and Japan (5). 

Rapeseed is an important, worldwide-produced oilseed. However, after extraction of its oil, the full potential of its resulting meal has been limited because of the presence of large amounts of toxic, sulfur-containing compounds called gluco-sinolates. Rhee summarized various cooking methods that use moisture, heat, or added chemicals to detoxify glucosinolates (79). 

Since the late 1960s to the present date, plant breeders have diligently selected rapeseed to minimize or eliminate the erucic acid from the oil and glucosinolates from the meal. Much of the recent expansion in the rapeseed industry in Canada and Europe is attributable to the dramatic improvements in the quality of oil and meal over the past 20 years. Another important factor is the wide adaptability of different types of rapeseed to different environments and their ability to thrive in harsh climates. In Canada and Europe most rapeseed is grown north of the 45° parallel. However, in China and India production is comparatively close to the equator, approximately 25°-40°N. This combination of improved quality and wide adaptability makes the crop very attractive to many developed and developing countries which are otherwise deficient in edible oil and in high protein meal. 

In Canada and Europe the percentage of oil yield from rapeseed is 41-42% based on an 8.5% moisture content of the seed, which is much greater than the 33-35% oil content reported for rapeseed and mustard from India and China. These large differences are attributable partly to varietal differences, but probably more importantly to relatively inefficient oil extraction procedures generally used in that part of the world which leaves about 12% of the oil with the meal. In the Asian countries of India, China, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, oil extracted from the seed is used domestically for human consumption and very little is exported. In these countries and in japan, rapeseed oil has traditionally been preferred as a cooking oil. 

China is not self-sufficient in oilseeds and has had a total net import of nearly 700,000 tonnes over the past four years (Earl, 1980). The Chinese are striving to achieve greater self-sufficiency in oil and meal using rapeseed as a means to that end. Production of rapeseed in China has almost doubled since 1978 (Table IV). Effective research and development programs are under way to develop low glucosinolate varieties with technical and scientific advice from Canada. It is noteworthy that the Chinese consumption of vegetable oil is currently estimated at 6 to 9 kg/capita/year compared to the Canadian consumption of over 14 kg/capita/year (Sarsons, 1980). 

Essentially all the rapeseed and mustard oil produced in India is consumed domestically. In addition, since 1977 India has been the largest importer of rapeseed oil in the world taking fully 50% of total imports in 1978. In 1980, imports of rapeseed oil were 150,000 tonnes with 117,500 tonnes coming from Canada (Statistics Canada, 1982). The domestically produced rapeseed and mustard meal are used both as fertilizer and for feeding cattle and buffalo. 

In the past the European Common Market countries have imported and crushed oilseeds, mainly soybean, in order to produce large quantities of high protein meals for animal production. In recent years these countries have become partly self-sufficient in oil and meal due largely to their rape-seed production. France and West Germany are the principal exporters of rapeseed oil (Table XIV). 

Apart from price and availability considerations, the composition of an oil is only one of the factors that enter into decisions to choose one oilseed over another in world markets. Two other important considerations are the proportion of meal in the seed and the quality of the meal. For example, soybeans contain only 18% oil hence a much higher proportion of their total value lies in the high protein meal than in the oil. Conversely, rapeseed peanuts, sunflower, and cottonseed contain 30-40% oil, therefore oil is the more valuable component. Then the quality of the meal becomes a very critical factor in determining the commercial value of one oilseed versus another. Sunflower seed, for example, produces an inferior meal, which is high in fiber and low in protein (23%) meals from cottonseed and peanut are of medium quality. 

Another advocate of rapeseed and rapeseed oil was Dr. Sal Ians, who pointed out on many occasions that the crop was well adapted to the Prairies, had the potential of replacing much of our imported vegetable oils, and could be essential in the case of national emergency. Dr. Sal Ians and his colleagues at the Prairie Regional Laboratory, Dr. B. M. Craig, Dr. L. R. Wetter and Dr. C. G. Youngs, did much to maintain interest in the crop and provided basic information on both oil and meal. 

Since the introduction of rapeseed into Canada in the 1940s, a new industry has been developed in Western Canada which in 1981 attained the status of a billion dollar industry, second only to wheat in importance. The development of high quality oil and meal from rapeseed must be attributed to a large degree to the research and development effort devoted to this crop by the scientific community and which has paid off handsomely. 

Sinapic acid, an important hydroxydnnamic acid is the most significant phenolic compound in rapeseed and forms 70.2-85.4% of free phenolic adds in defatted canola meals. Esterified forms of these phenolic acids constitnte abont 99% of total phenolics in rapeseed flour of which the sinapine, the choline ester of sinapic acid, is the main ester. A phenolic glucoside namely glucopyranosyl sinapate is also reported in canola (Amarowicz and Shahidi, 1994). Figure 2.1 shows the structures of sinapic acid, sinapine and glucopyranosyl sinapate. 

Many factors dictate which oilseed species will be grown and /or imported into a country. The local need for high-protein feed meals probably is the leading factor. As shown in Table 8.6, the oil content of row crop oilseeds varies from about 20 percent for soybeans to 45 percent for sunflower seed and 43 to 45 percent for rapeseed/canola. More feed coproducts always are produced than oils—by a ratio of as much as 4 1 in the case of soybeans. Soybean meal is the major feed protein source for production of poultry, currently the leading domestic and global meat source, and for the rapidly developing aquaculture industries. For example, Malaysia, which produces nearly two-thirds of the... 

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