High-oleic rapeseed

Recently, novel dietary oils with modified fatty acid profiles have been manufactured to improve fatty acid intakes and reduce CVD risk. Our objective was to evaluate the efficacy of novel high-oleic rapeseed (canola) oil (HOCO), alone or blended with flaxseed oil (FXCO), on circulating lipids and inflammatory biomarkers v. a typical Western diet (WD). Using a randomized, controlled, crossover trial, thirty-six hypercholesterolaemic subjects consumed three isoenergetic diets for 28 d each containing approximately 36% energy from fat, of which 70% was provided by HOCO, FXCO or WD. Dietary fat content of SFA, MUFA, PUFA n-6 and n-3 was 6, 23, 5,... 

Gillingham L.G., Gustafson J.A., Han S.Y., Jassal D.S., Jones PJ. 2011. High-oleic rapeseed (canola) and flaxseed oils modulate serum lipids and inflammatory biomarkers in hyper-cholesterolaemic subjects. Br. J. Nutr. 105 417-427. 

Fatty acid Palm stearin Rapeseed oil Rapeseed oil (low erucic acid) Safflowerseed oil Safflowerseed oil (high oleic acid) Sesameseed oil Soyabean oil Sunflowerseed oil Sunflowerseed oil (high oleic acid)... 

Abbreviations HEAR—High erucic rapeseed oil CAN—Canola oil LLCAN—Low linolenic canola oil HOCAN—High oleic canola oil HOLLCAN—High oleic low linolenic canola oil SOY—Soybean oil SUN—Sunflower oil. 

The analysis of sterols and sterol esters has been proposed as one way to identify oils in blends (311, 312). Johansson and Croon (313) discussed the use of 4-des-methyl-, 4-monomethyl-, and 4,4-dimethylsterols in characterizing different vegetable oils, and the results are summarized in Table (8). The levels of total sterols and sterol classes as well as the relative distribution of the individual sterol members vary between oils. The presence of steradienes can also be used as a marker for the presence of refined oils (314, 315). High oleic acid oils can easily be used to adulterate olive oil. The presence of rapeseed oil in other oils can be detected by the analysis of brassicasterol and its dehydration product, campestatriene. The presence... 

In the following chapters, examples are cited where fatty acid composition has been modified by biological methods—both traditional and modern. Well-known examples include low-erucic acid rapeseed oil (canola oil) and high-oleic sunflower oil, but attempts to develop oils with modified fatty acid are being actively pursued in many counties—in both academic and industrial laboratories—and substantial developments are likely in the next five to ten years. Some of have been described by the author (Gunstone 2001) and others are cited in the following chapters of this book. 

Two additional low-linolenic acid double-low rapeseed (canola) cultivars with incremental improvements in agronomic performance, Apollo (Scarth et al. 1995) and Allons (Scarth et al. 1997), were developed and released by the University of Manitoba. There was limited commercial production of these low-linolenic acid, double-low rapeseed (canola) cultivars in Canada. More recently, high-stability oil double-low rapeseed (canola) cultivars that have low linolenic acid concentrations (<3%) and high oleic acid concentrations (>70%) have been developed. These new high-oleic acid, low-linolenic acid, high-stability oil, double-low rapeseed (canola) cultivars have competitive seed yields and are commercially successful (Canola Council of Canada 2008). 

Of course, rapeseed oil is not the only modified oil (Krawczyk, 1999). Polyunsaturated FA cause low resistance against oxidation, especially under frying conditions but also on storage. Therefore, high-oleic cultivars are now available in which the polyunsaturated content has been reduced (Table 11.7). High-oleic and low- or medium-linoleic sunflower oils have been available on the market for... 

Typically, this oil was rich in erucic acid, which is still available from high-erucic rapeseed oil (HEAR) or from crambe oil. Erucic acid is mildly toxic to humans in large doses but is used as a food additive in smaller doses. The variety low in erucic acid (<5% or <2%) and also in glu-cosinolates (LEAR, double zero) is now more important. The oil typically contains palmitic (4%), stearic (2%), oleic (56%), linoleic (26%), and linolenic acids (10%). Rapeseed lends itself to genetic manipulation and rapeseed oil containing a lower level of linolenic acid or higher levels of lauric, stearic, or oleic acid or new acids, such as 8-linolenic, ricinoleic, or vemolic acids, are being developed for commercial exploitation. ... 

Fatty acid methyl esters are now the main intermediates in oleochemistry. Epox-idation can be considered as a transformation currently applied to triglycerides that is easy to perform on an industrial scale, compared with the production process for fatty alcohol. Therefore, why should epoxidized fatty acid methyl esters not become one of the commodities of the future The commercial development of these compounds requires easy, environmentally friendly (e.g., avoiding catalyst use) routes of low production cost as well as identified industrial outputs. Such considerations were taken into account in this study both rapeseed methyl esters (RME) and high-oleic sunflower methyl esters (HOSME) were used as starting materials. 

Materials. Commercial rapeseed methyl esters (RME) and high-oleic sunflower methyl esters (HOSME) were from industrial sourees and provided by NOVANCE Cy (Compiegne, France). The main eharacteristies of these raw materials are reported in Tables 1 and 2. The oleic acid content of the sunflower methyl esters is 80%, which is common for high-oleic varieties. The ehemical values of these methyl esters are also elassical. Epoxidation was eonducted with analytical grade formie aeid (99%, Merck, France) and hydrogen peroxide (50%, Prolabo, France). 

HME, rapeseed methyl esters. rtHOSMF., high-oleic sunflower methyl esters,... 

Epoxidation of both rapeseed methyl esters (RME) and high-oleic sunflower methyl esters (HOSME) was successfully performed following the classical in situ formic acid process with a high conversion rate and satisfactory characteristics. The conver-... 

Modern biobased lubricants are mainly based on rapeseed oil, sunflower oil, soybean oil, and animal fats. These oils easily undergo oxidation due to their content of polyunsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic acid and linolenic acid. Efforts have been made to modify the oils to provide a more stable material and a product more competitive in performance to mineral oil-based lubricants. This modification can involve partial hydrogenation of oil and a shifting of its fatty acids to high oleic acid content [21]. Other reported changes that address the problem of unsaturation include alkylation, acylation, hydroformylation, hydrogenation, oligomerization (polymerization), and epoxidation [20, 22]. 

Although similar in structure to common fatty acids, eru-cic acid (Z-13-docosenoic acid) (66), when fed to rats at as little as 15% of their caloric intake, produced myocarditis (accumulation of lipids in the heart) (Fig. 2.28). Eventually, myocardial fibrosis and other abnormalities were observed. Because rapeseed oil was widely used for margarine production, a breeding program was initiated to produce new varieties in which most or all of the erucic acid is replaced with oleic acid. This new product is called canola oil. High erucic rapeseed oil is still used to prepare lubricants (Simpson and Conner-Ogorzaly, 1986). Both types are cultivated. 

Rucker, B. and RObbelen, G. (1995) Development of high oleic acid rapeseed Proc. 9th Int. Rapeseed Congress, Cambridge, UK, 389-391. 

Concentrates (70-75%) can be obtained from these relatively cheap sources by hydrophilisation. Richer sources of oleic acid include rapeseed oil (56%), macadamia oil (56% and a further 22 % of 16 1), almond oil (61%), high-oleic safflower oil (74%), olive oil (18%), high-oleic sunflower oil (Sunola, 82% and NuSun, 65 %) and Euphorbia lathyris seed oil (84%). 

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