Economics from rapeseed

Erucic acid, H00C(CH2) CH=CH(CH2)jCH, can be economically obtained from rapeseed ana crambe abyssinica oils and is potentially a major source of industrial materials. It can be ozonized to brassylic acid, HOOCCCH ), COOH, which is known to impart flexibility and moisture resistance to nylons. Here preliminary results of a study of brassylic acid as a monomer for polyester resin/melamine resin coatings are described. It is demonstrated that brassylic acid imparts good flexibility to such coatings. It is also shoim that brassylic acid is polymorphic. 

Producers normally rely on only a few source oils indigenous to their geographic area or that can be imported economically. Soybean is the primary oil used in the United States while very little palm is consumed and none is produced. Canada s major oil is canola (low-erucic-acid rapeseed). Malaysia, Indonesia, and Central America are the largest producers and users of palm oil. Eastern Europe, like Canada, relies on low-erucic-acid rapeseed (LEAR), sunflower, and soybean oils. It is apparent from Table 3 that it is virtually impossible to formulate products with controlled melting and crystalline properties using only one of these oils. Even in areas where conditions and economics justify a variety of types, modification methods other than blending are essential to adequately control rheologic properties. 

In the process of biodiesel production, reaction temperature, methanol quantity, and reaction time were found to be significant operating parameters, which are closely associated with energy costs from an economic perspective [3]. Figure 6 shows the effects of reaction time on enzyme-catalyzed rapeseed oil methanolysis at the following conditions 5% (w/w) Novozym, 3 1 methanol/oil molar ratio, and 40 °C. Within lOh, the reaction proceeded very fast and in a linear fashion. Rapeseed oil was converted at a rate greater than 67.7% within 12h and achieved an equilibrium state after approximately 24h. 

The concentration of enzyme in the extraction medium greatly affects the enzymatic reaction rate and the oil extraction yield. It has been demonstrated that an increase in enzyme concentration from 0.2 to 2.5% (v/w) resulted in significant improvement in oil recovery, but further increase to 5% did not bring additional enhancement in rapeseed oil extraction yield (Zhang et al., 2(X)7). The amount of enzyme needed to achieve acceptable oil yields needs to be determined to optimize yield and the cost of enzyme for economic feasibility. Action of enzyme on oilseeds and mass transfer between the aqueous medium and the seed material are time dependent processes. In most cases an increase in extraction time results in an improvement in the oil extraction yield, but the improvement slows down and eventually stops as time prolongs (Sharma et al., 2002). Hence, extraction time is a variable... 

Due to ecological and economic issues from the first generation of biodiesel, nonedible vegetable oils have become a robust in biodiesel technology. Numerous studies have reported on the potential of nonedible oil used in the production of biodiesel from sources such as Jatropha (Mofijur et al., 2012 Diana da Silva Araujo et al., 2014 Berchmans and Hirata, 2008 Li et al., 2014), Pongamia (Dwivedi and Sharma, 2014,2015), rapeseed (Pullen and Saeed, 2015), mahua (Shadangi and Mohanty, 2014 ... 

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