Canola meal

Soybean meal is the most frequently used source of supplemental protein in the United States (5). Cottonseed meal is another important protein supplement. Both meals are by-products from oil extraction of the seeds. Canola meal is derived from rapeseed low in emcic acid [112-86-7] and glucosinolates. Linseed (derived from flax seed), peanut, sunflower, safflower, sesame, coconut, and palm kernel meals are other sources of supplemental protein that are by-products of oil extraction (4). 

Cereal grains, such as maize, barley, wheat and sorghum, are the main ingredients of poultry diets and usually provide 30-60% of the total AA requirements. Other sources of protein such as soybean meal and canola meal must be provided to ensure adequate amounts and a proper balance of essential AAs. The protein levels necessary to provide adequate intakes of essential AAs will depend on the feedstuffs used. Feedstuffs that contain high-quality proteins (i.e. with an AA pattern similar to the bird s needs) or mixtures of feedstuffs in which the AA pattern of one complements the pattern in another will meet the essential AA requirements at lower dietary protein levels than feedstuffs with a less desirable AA pattern. This is important if one of the goals is to minimize N excretion. 

The extracted meal is a high-quality, high-protein feed ingredient. Canola meal from B. campestris contains about 350g/kg CP, whereas the meal from B. napus contains 3soybean meal. Otherwise it has a comparable AA profile to soybean meal. However, the AA in canola meal are generally 8-10% less available than in soybean meal (Heartland Lysine, 1998) therefore, canola meal must be properly processed to optimize the utilization of the protein. 

Canola meal is a good source of choline, niacin and riboflavin, but not folic acid or pantothenic acid. It contains one of the highest levels of biotin found typically in North American feed ingredients. Total biotin in canola meal was found to average 1231 pg/kg with a bioavailability for growing broilers of 0.66 compared with 0.17 for wheat, 0.2 for triticale, 0.21 for barley, 0.39 for sorghum, 0.98 for soybean meal and 1.14 for maize (Blair and Misir, 1989). 

Canola meal is used in all types of poultry feeds (Table 4.4). However, because of its relatively low energy value for poultry, it is best used in layer and breeder diets rather than in high-energy broiler feeds. Another issue that needs to be addressed is that digestibility of key EAA is lower in canola meal than in soybean meal (Heartland Lysine, 1998). Therefore, the diet should be formulated to digestible AA specifications rather than to total AA specifications, otherwise flock performance may be affected. 

Table 4.4. True digestibility coefficients for poultry of some key essential amino acids in canola meal and soybean meal. (From Heartland Lysine, 1998.)...

Amino acid Digestibility in canola meal (%) Digestibility in soybean meal (%)... 

Canola meal has also been used successfully in diets for breeding poultry (Kiiskinen, 1989), growing turkeys (Waibel et al., 1992) and ducks and geese (Jamroz et al., 1992). The lower ME content of canola meal relative to other protein sources such as soybean meal limits its use in conventional broiler diets, but it can be used in organic broiler diets formulated to a lower ME content than conventional diets. 

As with the main cereals, faba beans are a relatively poor source of Ca and are low in iron and Mn. The P content is higher than in canola. Faba beans contain lower levels of biotin, choline, niacin, pantothenic acid and riboflavin, but a higher level of thiamin, than soybean meal or canola meal. 

Emmert, J.L. and Baker, D.H. (1997) A chick bioassay approach for determining the bioavailable choline concentration in normal and overheated soybean meal, canola meal and peanut meal. Journal of Nutrition 127, 745-752. 

Mullan, B.P., Pluske, J.R., Allen, J. and Harris, D.J. (2000) Evaluation of Western Australian canola meal for growing pigs. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 51,547-553. 

Naseem, M.Z., Khan, S.H. and Yousaf, M. (2006) Effect of feeding various levels of canola meal on the performance of broiler chicks. Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences 16, 75-78. 

Perez-Maldonado, R.A. and Barram, K.M. (2004) Evaluation of Australian canola meal for production and egg quality in two layer strains. Proceedings of the 16th Australian Poultry Science Symposium. New South Wales, Sydney, pp. 171-174. 

Roth-Maier, D.A. (1999) Investigations on feeding full-fat canola seed and canola meal to poultry. In Santen, E., van Wink, M. and Weissmann, S. (eds) Proceedings of the 10th International Rapeseed Congress. Canberra, Australia. 

Waibel, P.E., Noll, S.L., Hoffbeck, S., Vickers, Z.M. and Salmon, R.E. (1992) Canola meal in diets for market turkeys. Poultry Science 71, 1059-1066. 

Table 4.1.5A. Canola meal expeller (IFN 5-06-870).The residual product obtained after extraction of most of the oil from canola seeds by a mechanical extraction process (not defined by AAFCO or CFIA).

Ingredients used to make duck diets are similar to those used in chicken diets, except that groundnut meal should be avoided because it is often contaminated with aflatoxin (a mycotoxin). Ducks are highly sensitive to this aflatoxin, particularly when diets are low in protein. In addition, canola meal may have to be used at low levels only because ducks are more sensitive to erucic acid and goitiogens than are chickens. 

Amarowicz, R. and Shahidi, F. 1994. Chromatographic Separation of Glucopyranosyl Sinapate from Canola Meal../. American Oil Chem. Soc., 71, 551-552. 

Wanasundara, U.N., Amarowicz, R. and Shahidi, F. 1996. Partial Characterization of Natural Antioxidants in Canola Meal. Food Res. Internat., 28, 525-530. 

Composition of Canola Meal. Canola meal is an internationally traded commodity. Excellent summary information on canola meal composition has been developed to aid the animal feed industry (25). Canola meal contains 36-38% crude... 

Beef and dairy cattle. Canola meal has gained widespread acceptance as a protein supplement in beef and dairy rations. Research has shown its effectiveness in a variety of production and management situations. Lactation trials have demonstrated that canola meal will maintain or slightly improve milk production relative to soybean meal-based rations. Improved milk production may in part reflect the amino acid content of the bypass protein fraction of canola meal. In beef cattle rations, animal performance has been shown to meet or exceed industry standards when canola meal is incorporated. Canola meal can be used as the sole protein supplement in rations for growing and finishing cattle (29). 

Other Uses. Rapeseed or canola meal has been used as a fermentation substrate. It has been included as an additive in compost for commercial button mushroom Agaricus bisporus) production with good success (32). Canola meal has also been tested as a substrate for xylanase production by Trichoderma reesei. Results from this work indicate that the hydrolysis of canola meal by this enzyme system might be useful in converting this material to fermentable sugars that could be further processed to expensive end products such as solvents and chemicals (33). 

M. D. Pickard in D. Hickling, ed.. Canola Meal Feed Industry Guide, Canola Council of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, 1993, pp. 4-5. 

Meng, X. B.A. Slominski. Nutritive values of corn, soybean meal, canola meal, and peas for broiler chickens as affected by a multicarbohydrase preparation of cell wall degrading enzymes. Poultry Sci. 2005, 84, 1242-1251. 

Item Dehulled Soybean Meal Canola Meal Dehulled Sunflower Meal Cottonseed MeaP Peanut MeaP... 

Most of the ELISA assays developed report cross-reactivity with the closely related rapeseed B. napus). However, as rapeseed is used to produce canola oil (which does not cross react) and canola meal that is used in animal feed, this cross-reaction is not expected commonly to cause interference when testing foods or food ingredients produced for human consumption. 

Canada and the United States produce between 7 and 10 million metric tons of canola seed per year. Annual Canadian exports total 3-4 million metric tons of the seed, 700,000 metric tons of canola oil, and 1 million metric tons of canola meal. The United States is the net consumer of canola oil. The major customers of canola seed are Japan, Mexico, China, and Pakistan, while the bulk of canola oil and meal goes to the United States, with smaller amounts shipped to Taiwan, Mexico, China, and Europe. The world production of rapeseed oil in 2002-2003 was about 14 million metric tons. ... 

Other examples in which the whole product is used include the production of animal feeds by the protein enrichment of sweet potato residue, cassava peel, or whole cassava, or when SSF is used to remove toxic or inhibitory compoimds from feed materials, such as the reduction of phytic acid in canola meal, antidigestive constituents in rye, or caffeine from coffee pulp [187-193]. In these studies it was not made clear whether the product would be used fresh or dried. This is because the research addressed the feasibility of the process itself, and not the use of the product as food or feed. The major consideration as to whether the product will be dried is the time the product must be kept before use, and the perishability of the product... 

Experiments were performed to determine the optimum pH for the extraction of proteins from the industrially defatted canola meal (Federated Co-op Ltd., Saskatoon, SK) and sunflower meal (Cargill Inc., West Fargo, ND), and the minimum solubility pH (isoelectric pH) for precipitation. Details of the experimental methods can be found in (7) and (13) respectively. The extracted protein solutions were then used to recover proteins by precipitation. Four different types of precipitants aqueous HCl, HMP, CMC, and ammonium sulphate, were used for studies on the yields of canola protein. Further studies on isoelectric precipitation (using aqueous HCl as a precipitant) were carried out in three types of precipitators (Batch, MSMPR, and tubular) to study kinetic parameters and effects of precipitator type and operating conditions on PSD. The first two types of precipitators were used for canola protein and all three types were used for sunflower protein. Details of these experimental setups can be found in (7) for canola protein and (13,11) for sunflower protein. 

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