High-erucic acid rapeseed HEAR oil

In countries that grow canola, HEAR oil is used only in special food applications (and several non-food uses). Its primary use is as a fully hydrogenated oil added to peanut butter (Japiske 1969) in amounts of 1-2% to prevent oiling, mainly in Canada and the US. The HEAR oil used contains about 45-50% erucic 

Plant breeding work to raise the erucic acid content is being done in Canada and elsewhere. Indications are that the erucic acid content of about 80% is possible. This is of interest not only for some of the specialty food uses mentioned above, but especially for industrial lubricants. 

Ackman, R.G. (1983) Chemical composition of rapeseed oil, in High and Low Erucic Acid Rapeseed Oils (eds. J.K.G. Kramer, F.D. Sauer and WJ. Pigden), Academic Press, Toronto, pp. 85—141. Ackman, R.G. (1990) Canola fatty acids — an ideal mixture for health, nutrition, and food use, in Canola and Rapeseed. Production, Chemistry, Nutrition and Processing Technology (ed F. Shahidi), Avi Book, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, pp. 81—98. 

Anonymous (2000) Australians using high-oleic canola oil for frying. Inform, 11, 10, 1061. Anonymous (2001a) High-laurate canola oil sold for use as boiler fuel. Inform, 12, 10, 1019—1020. Anonymous (2001b) Diacylglycerol oil products may be headed for US. Inform, 12, 5, 487. 

and Waibel, J. (1977) Bestimmung des rauchpunktes zur beurteilung von brat-und seidefetten. Fette Seifen Anstrichm., 19, 256—261. 

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As has been stated in preceding sections many countries are following Canada s lead and are reducing, or eliminating, the production and use of high erucic acid rapeseed (HEAR) oil. The following are some examples of where HEAR oil continues to be used because of some desirable characteristic. 

Myocardial Necrosis in Male Rats Fed Decreasing Levels of Fat in the Form of High Erucic Acid Rapeseed (HEAR) Oils... 

Roine et al. (1960) were the first to describe myocardial lesions in male rats and in pigs fed high levels of high erucic acid rapeseed (HEAR) oil. Subsequent studies indicate that there are variations in the incidence and type of lesions based on the experimental animal and oil fed. The principal... 

Much attention was focused in the past decade on determining changes in heart lipids due to dietary fatty acids because of the apparent relationship of dietary rapeseed oil and two cardiopathological conditions, lipidosis and necrosis. The initial interest centered on the effect of erucic acid, a docose-noic fatty acid present at concentration of 25-50% in the original high erucic acid rapeseed (HEAR) oils, and which was shown to result in a specific accumulation of triglycerides (TG) in the heart of experimental animals (Abdellatif and Vies, 1970). However, these studies became less critical with the development of the new low erucic acid rapeseed (LEAR) oils. 

During the 1940s and 1950s several investigations with laboratory animals indicated that the feeding of high erucic acid rapeseed (HEAR) oils to rats caused adverse effects. Growth retardation was observed by Boer et a/. 

Crambe (Crambe abyssinica) and high-erucic acid rapeseed (Brassica napus) are oilseeds that contain large quantities of erucic acid 22 1 (A 13) as the main fatty acid component of the triglyceride. Crambe and high-erucic acid rapeseed (HEAR) contain 59.5 and 42% erucic acid, respectively (2). HEAR has more oil in the seed (42% compared with 35% for crambe). Both oilseeds are in commercial production with acreage in the tens of thousands and are grown mainly in the northern plains of the U.S. and Canada as well as eastern Europe (3). 

Abbreviations HEAR—High erucic acid rapeseed LLCanola—Canola oil with low content of linolenic acid HOCanola—Canola oil with high content of oleic acid LLFlax—Flax oil with low content of linolenic acid P-8—Plastochromanol-8. 

Abbreviations HEAR—High erucic acid rapeseed oil. 

In China, canola-type rapeseed oil products still contribute a very small proportion of total rapeseed oil products. Oil from both high erucic acid rapeseed and canola rapeseed represent the largest use of edible oil at present. The oil from these two sources is almost entirely used as cooking oil. There are very little amounts of this oil used for margarine or shortening formulations at present. Efforts are being made to widen the spectrum of edible oil products and convert from HEAR cultivation to canola cultivation. 

Erucical H-102 [Lambent]. TM for a high erucic acid rapeseed oil referred to as HEAR oil. 

CAS 8002-13-9 120962-03-0 EINECS/ELINCS 232-299-0 Synonyms Brassica campestris oil Brassica oleifera Canola oil (low erucic acid rapeseed oil) Colza oil HEAR High-erucic acid rapeseed oil LEAR Low-erucic acid rapeseed oil Rapeseed oil Rapeseed oil, blown... 

The magnitude of the variation in the composition of rapeseed oil and meal now commercially available has created a need for new terms to describe the products derived from rapeseed. The fatty acid composition of most edible vegetable oils such as soybean, sunflower, or cottonseed oils, varies within narrow limits. Thus, the species or commodity name (e.g., soybean oil) provides a reasonable description of the fatty add composition of soybean oil. In contrast, the erucic acid content of commercially available rapeseed oil may vary from near zero to 55%, and the oleic acid from 10 to more than 60%. A number of terms have been proposed or utilized to describe the new rapeseed oil whose fatty acid composition has been altered by the elimination of erucic acid these include low erucic acid rape-seed oil (LEAR), canbra, and canola. Similar terms such as high erucic acid rapeseed oil (HEAR) and common or traditional rapeseed oil have been used to describe rapeseed oil whose fatty acid composition includes substantial amounts of erucic acid. 

Rapeseed oil constitutes a substantial proportion of the supply of edible oil to consumers in many parts of the world. It includes the original HEAR (high erucic acid rapeseed) oils, LEAR (low erucic acid rapeseed) oils and canola oils (canola is the name adopted by Canadians for the oil derived from the new rapeseed low in both erucic acid and glucosinolates). Since there are great differences in the kinds of edible oil products which these consumers prefer, the type and degree of processing that are applied to the oils vary markedly from country to country, and even within different regions of some countries. 

In Western Europe and North America, the high erucic acid rapeseed oils have been phased out and replaced by low erucic acid rapeseed oils. The difference in composition is shown in Table I, Chapter 17. It is clear from this that the new low erucic acid rapeseed (LEAR) oils are very different from the older HEAR oils. Their docosenoic and eicosenoic acid concentration has been sharply decreased and their 16 0, 18 0, 18 1, and 18 2 content has increased. It is quite obvious that the nutritional properties of these two oils will be different, yet many scientists in describing their experiments still state that "rapeseed oil" was used without bothering to define if the oil was a LEAR oil or a HEAR oil. In view of the significant differences in fatty acid composition of these two types of oils, this is an improper omission and makes it unnecessarily difficult for the reader to interpret the experiments. 

AR B High Erucic Acid Rapeseed Oil Blown Rapeseed Oil (HEAR) Z Z1 Calchem H-102 Canola oil... 

The traditional source of erucic acid was rapeseed oil before this acid was bred out of that oil because of its reported adverse health effects. Most rapeseed oil now contains less than 2% of erucic acid. The two major sources of erucic acid are high-erucic rapeseed oil (HEAR) containing about 50% of erucic acid and crambe oil with 55-60% of erucic acid. As will be reported later (Section 9.4), attempts to produce a still higher erucic rapeseed oil are being made by genetic engineering. Crambe oil (from Crambe abyssinica) is grown most extensively in North Dakota and to a lesser extent in Holland. 

The production of HEAR has been controlled by the Canadian Crushing Industry through contracts to meet expected demands for oil. Up to the present time only one company has been involved in this market and there has been no evidence of high erucic acid seed appearing in the edible oil export market. The Canadian Crushing Industry will continue to control this market as it is in their own best interests for the erucic acid content of Canadian rapeseed to remain low. 

Ratanasethkul et al. (1976) fed chickens, ducks, and turkeys high and low erucic acid rapeseed oil, soybean oil, and a lard/corn oil control diet. All the ducks and some of the chickens fed the HEAR oil diet (36% erucic acid) died with hydropericardium and ascites. Myocardial lipidosis was present in all species fed the HEAR oil and the severity of the lipidosis (as judged by oil red O staining) decreased with time on diet. In ducks, they found thickening of the epicardium and myocardial fibrosis. Granulomas characterized by giant cells and histiocytic infiltration were present in some of the hearts of turkeys fed the HEAR oil. 

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