Oilseeds rapeseed

Rapeseed has become an important crop in the temperate zones of the world, with production in more than 30 countries on 5 continents. The productive capacity of the crop and the nutritive value of its protein have made rapeseed a leading potential source of food and feed protein ingredients. Oilseed rapeseed was grown in India over 3000 years ago, and at least 2000 years ago in China and Japan. It is not clear when rapeseed oil became a food oil in addition to its use as a fuel for lamp lighting and for soap and candles. Throughout most of the long history of this crop, the cake or meal was used as a fertilizer or soil conditioner, a practice that persists today in China and Japan (5). 

Highly pure / -hexane is used to extract oils from oilseeds such as soybeans, peanuts, sunflower seed, cottonseed, and rapeseed. There has been some use of hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon-derived solvents such as methylene chloride to extract caffein from coffee beans, though this use is rapidly being supplanted by supercritical water and/or carbon dioxide, which are natural and therefore more acceptable to the pubHc. 

Soybeans are the predominant oilseed crop in the world, providing one-half of the total oilseed production (Table 7). Cottonseed is second. Worldwide, rapeseed is in third place, but this is stiU a minor oilseed in the United States. Peanuts and sunflower are fourth and fifth, respectively. Since becoming estabhshed as a crop in the United States, soybeans have shown phenomenal growth and contribute significantly to the agricultural economy (Table 8). 

The plant of choice which can be used for PHA production will be influenced by a number of factors. Of prime importance is cost, i. e., in which crop will PHA production be cheapest. The answer to this question is likely to be different depending on the agricultural economics of each country. For example, if one considers oilseed crops, rapeseed may be the best crop for Northern European countries and Canada, sunflower for Southern European countries, and soybean for the USA. Other important factors which may influence the choice of target plant are the nature of the metabolic pathway that needs to modified for synthesis of a particular PHA, the procedure used for PHA purification, and the other uses of the crop besides PHA production. 

Oilseeds with hard shells must first be crushed to allow the solvent to reach the seed contents. The hard round rapeseed is easily fractured using a... 

Less Conventional Sources of Protein. In addition (o the traditional animal sources of protein already described and the very large amounts of vegetable protein derived from the soybean, other sources of protein on a large scale for the future are under intense study. Among these are (1) oilseed crops, such as rapeseed and cottonseed (2) leaf proteins (3) algae and (4) single-cell protein. 

Rapeseed. one of the five most widely produced oilseeds, is cultivated mainly in India. Canada, Pakistan, France, Poland, Sweden, and Germany. Past objections to using rapeseed as a source of edible protein has been its content of deleterious glucosinolales. Considerable research has been conducted in Sweden to develop a rapeseed protein concentrate. The first full-scale production plant using a new process was installed in Alberta, Canada. The plant, with a capacity of 5000 tons/year produces a material containing 65% protein. Rapeseed is rich in essential amino acids, with exception of methionine, which soybeans also lack. 

Oilseeds, oil fruits, their products and by-products rapeseed, expeller and hulls soybean as bean, toasted, expeller and hulls sunflower seed as seed and expeller cotton as seed and seed expeller linseed as seed and expeller sesame seed as expeller palm kernels as expeller pumpkin seed as expeller olives, olive pulp vegetable oils (from physical extraction). (Turnip rapeseed expeller was delisted in 2004.)... 

The leading producers of the major oilseeds, in decreasing order, are Soybean the United States, Brazil, Argentina, China, and Paraguay Rapeseed Canola China, the European Union, Canada, India, and Eastern Europe Sunflowerseed the former Soviet Union 12, Argentina, European Union, Eastern Europe, China, and the United States Peanut/Groundnut China, India, and the United States and Cottonseed China, the United States, India, Pakistan, the former Soviet Union 12, and Brazil. 

As shown in Table 34.8, the oil content of row crop oilseeds varies from about 19 percent for soybean to 43 percent for sunflowerseed, and 41 to 45 percent for rapeseed/canola. More feed coproducts always are produced than oils, with a ratio 4 1 in the case of soybean. Soybean meal is the major feed protein source for production of poultry, currently the leading domestic and global meat source, and in the rapidly developing aquaculture industries. 

Rapeseed/Canola belongs to the turnip rutabaga, cabbage, Brussels sprouts, and mustard family of crops that can be grown at low temperatures and moderate humidity. Three species have been grown as oilseeds Brassica napus, known in Europe as rape, oil rape, Swede rape, and Argentine rape B. campestris, known as rapeseed, oil turnip, turnip rape, and Polish rape and B. juncea, known as leaf mustard, brown mustard, Oriental mustard, and Indian mustard. B. campestris was grown in India as early as 2000-1500 BC. 

Continuous N fertilization oilseed meals (rapeseed or castor oilmeal), slurry, molasses, meat meals. Biosol, Biofert. 

It is also possible to distinguish between oils from seeds, such as soybean and rapeseed, and those coming from the fleshy part of a fruit such as pahn and olive. An important point here is that for oilseeds, exports and imports are as seeds as well... 

Finally, genes required for particular aspects of fatty acid and triacylglycerol biosynthesis can be identified in appropriate sources, cloned, and transferred to other plants. Rapeseed has proved to be particularly flexible in this respect, and its fatty acid composition has been modified in several ways, some of which have now reached or are very close to commercial application (Section 9.4). Genetic modification procedures are also applied to soybean and other oilseed crops. 

Oilseed rape species used to produce canola oil and meal are from the Brassica genus in the Cruciferae family. They were first cultivated in India almost 4000 years ago. Large-scale planting of rapeseed was first reported in Europe in the thirteenth century. The Brassica species probably evolved from the same common ancestor as wild mustard (Sinapis), radish (Raphanus), and arrugula Eruca). 

In describing canola/rapeseed oil food uses, the Canadian experience is of significant interest for a number of reasons. First, canola/rapeseed was originally developed and introduced in Canada commercially so that considerable experience in using canola oil in edible oil products has been accumulated over a longer period of time. Second, canola, after its introduction, rapidly became the most important oilseed crop and the most heavily used edible oil in Canada, as documented below. Third, the Canadian edible oil products market demanded a variety of high-quahty products, which led edible oil producers to develop many uses for canola oil as well as find applications especially suited for it. 

Soybean dominates world oilseed production and represents 55% of the world s total oilseed production (Figure 3). The production of canola/rapeseed seeds ranked second in the world behind soybeans in 2000-2001. 

If one considers that soybean is produced for protein, it can be concluded that canola production ranks first in terms of true oilseed production. The United States, Brazil, and Argentina together produced about 75% of all soybean seeds. The world production of soybean oil is in the top position followed by palm and canola/rapeseed among major oils and fats (Figure 4) (75, 151). 

More than 60 years ago, the average world production of flaxseed was about 3.4 million metric tons (MMT), which was more than sunflower, 2.5 MMT, and slightly lower than rapeseed, 3.8 MMT. In the same period, soybean was produced at a level of 12.6 MMT (4). In those years, flaxseed was the third-most produced oilseed in the world by volume. Since then, world production of flaxseed has remained between 2 and 3 MMT, and the production of other oilseeds has increased considerably (4). In 2000-2001, world production of flaxseed was 2.34 MMT, with Canada being the largest producer and exporter of this oilseed (See graph in Canola chapter). 

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