Rapeseed processing

Cooperative research on many aspects of rapeseed processing and utilization has resulted in rapeseed oil (now termed canola oil) becoming the most widely used edible oil in the domestic market in Canada. Canola oil is the oil derived from the rapeseed varieties grown in Canada which are low in erucic acid and low in glucosinolates. 

Perkins, P. R. (1976). "An Economic Review of Western Canada s Rapeseed Processing Industry." A study for and in cooperation with the provincial governments of Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba and the management of CSP Foods Ltd., Canbra Foods Ltd., United Oilseed Products Ltd., N.A.R.P. Co-op Ltd. and Alberta Food Products. 

Total direct contact steam averages about 1 kg of steam for each 12 to 14 kg of raw material (rapeseed) processed. Rapeseed meal is difficult to thoroughly desolventize residual levels of hexane are typically 300 to 1200 ppm. This problem merits research for both safety and economic reasons. Moisture laden (25% or more) desolventized meal may be dried in the lower stages of the desolventizer in small plants. Larger plants use a separate rotating kiln-type steam tube drier to reduce the water content to 12-14%, which is then followed by an air cooler in which the moisture is further reduced to less than 12%, the evaporating moisture absorbing some of the heat. 

Additionally, there is a project running and investigating the possibilities to use the by-products from rapeseed processing (after protein extraction) as fermentation substrates. 

Other than fuel, the largest volume appHcation for hexane is in extraction of oil from seeds, eg, soybeans, cottonseed, safflower seed, peanuts, rapeseed, etc. Hexane has been found ideal for these appHcations because of its high solvency for oil, low boiling point, and low cost. Its narrow boiling range minimises losses, and its low benzene content minimises toxicity. These same properties also make hexane a desirable solvent and reaction medium in the manufacture of polyolefins, synthetic mbbers, and some pharmaceuticals. The solvent serves as catalyst carrier and, in some systems, assists in molecular weight regulation by precipitation of the polymer as it reaches a certain molecular size. However, most solution polymerization processes are fairly old it is likely that those processes will be replaced by more efficient nonsolvent processes in time. 

The composition of common fats and oils are found in Table 1. The most predominant feedstocks for the manufacture of fatty acids are tallow and grease, coconut oil, palm oil, palm kernel oil, soybean oil, rapeseed oil, and cottonseed oil. Another large source of fatty acids comes from the distillation of cmde tall oil obtained as a by-product from the Kraft pulping process (see Tall oil Carboxylic acids, fatty acids from tall oil). 

MAWSON R, HEANEY R K, ZDUNCZYK z and KOZLOWSKA H (1995) Rapeseed meal-glucosinolates and their antinutritional effects. Part 7. Processing , Nahrung, 39 32-41. 

For abiotic stock resources, the resource value is set as equal to the production and environmental cost for a sustainable alternative. For fossil oil, gas and coal, these alternatives are rapeseed oil, biogas and charcoal, respectively. For metal (metal ores), the production and environmental costs to upgrade low-quality ores (sustainable supplies), such as silicate minerals, to a quality similar to present day ores, using a bioenergy-driven process (near-sustainable process), is used as the resource value. 

The methods developed using organic solvents are typically designed to maximize the use of crop plants. For example, in the case of the synthesis of PHA in seeds of oil crops, such as rapeseed or soybean, the extraction methods have the advantage that the oil can be recovered from the seeds as well as PHA, and that the residual meal can be used in animal feed (Fig. 5) [74-78]. In this process, the seeds containing oil and PHA are crushed and the oil is obtained with a... 

Cereals can yield around 1500-3000 litres of gasoline equivalent (lge)/ha sugarcane, 3000-6000 lge/ha sugarheet, 2000-4000 lge/ha vegetable oil crops, 700-1300 litres of diesel equivalent (lde)/ha and palm oil, 2500-3000 lde/ha (IEA, 2007). In addition, there are novel biofuel production processes under development, for example biodiesel from marine algae, which are claimed to have a 15 times higher yield per ha than rapeseed. 

A study was carried out on the correlation between ANV determined by the lUPAC 2504 method and the corresponding FTIR spectra of various oils (safflower, sunflower, rapeseed and olive) exposed to accelerated oxidation (10 g of oil in an 80 mm Petri dish in an oven at 70 °C, in darkness). All ANV vs. time curves show a typical sigmoid shape however, the induction period for olive oil is 10 days, after which a moderate growth takes place for two days before the beginning of stabilization by day 13 the ANV of other oils starts to rise after 1 to 4 days and begins stabilization by the 6th day. This points to ANV being a measure of secondary oxidation processes, after the primary ones, as determined by the POV, have taken place to some extent. The correlation of these findings with the spectral ones is summarized in Section IV.B.4. 

Rapeseed. Methods employed in processing of rapeseed protein products influence emulsion capacities (48, 49). Kodagoda et al. (48) showed that rapeseed protein isolates from water extracts emulsified more oil than isolates from acid or alkali extracts (Table VIII). Rapeseed isolates emulsified more oil than their concentrate counterparts. Rapeseed isolates and concentrates from acid extracts were far superior in emulsion stability to rapeseed protein products from water or alkali extracts. 

Processing of Rapeseed Protein and Amino Acid Avail-... 

The concentrations at the catalyst surface (both hydrogen and substrate) can be controlled independently of other process conditions. The unique feature is that very high concentrations of hydrogen can be achieved this leads, for example, to the suppression of trans-fatty acids in partial hydrogenation of methylated rapeseed oil [29]. 

Rapeseed. one of the five most widely produced oilseeds, is cultivated mainly in India. Canada, Pakistan, France, Poland, Sweden, and Germany. Past objections to using rapeseed as a source of edible protein has been its content of deleterious glucosinolales. Considerable research has been conducted in Sweden to develop a rapeseed protein concentrate. The first full-scale production plant using a new process was installed in Alberta, Canada. The plant, with a capacity of 5000 tons/year produces a material containing 65% protein. Rapeseed is rich in essential amino acids, with exception of methionine, which soybeans also lack. 

Wiseman (1986) reported a reduction in digestibility and in available energy of up to 30% due to oxidation of fat as a result of overheating during processing. A number of naturally occurring fatty acids can also adversely affect overall fat utilization. Two such components are erucic acid present in rapeseed oils and some other Brassica spp., and the cyclopropenoid fatty acids present in cottonseed. 

---