Palm tallow

Fatty Acid Distribution Coconut Stripped Coconut Palm Kernel Palm Tallow... 

Synonyms palm butter palm tallow Panthenol... 

Fatty acid, % Tallow Coconut Soya Palm kernel Palm... 

The major source of raw materials for the preparation of fatty amines is fats and oils such as tallow, and coconut, soya, and palm oils. Ethyl Corporation uses petrochemicals as raw materials to prepare alkyl dimethyl and dialkylmethyl tertiary fatty amines, trademarked as AE)MA and DAMA products, which can be suppHed as single-carbon chain-length cuts or custom blends (13). Commercially available high purity fatty amines are Hsted in Table 3. Cost of the amines can vary owing to supply of raw materials. 

Common name Chemical name Chemical formula Symbol Tallow Lard Coconu t Palm kernel Soybean... 

Palm oil[8002-75-3] is derived from the fleshy fmit of the palm tree rather than the nut as with palm kernel oil. Palm oil has a longer chain length distribution than palm kernel oil and provides properties and compositions more similar to tallow than to other vegetable oils (see Table 1). 

The composition of common fats and oils are found in Table 1. The most predominant feedstocks for the manufacture of fatty acids are tallow and grease, coconut oil, palm oil, palm kernel oil, soybean oil, rapeseed oil, and cottonseed oil. Another large source of fatty acids comes from the distillation of cmde tall oil obtained as a by-product from the Kraft pulping process (see Tall oil Carboxylic acids, fatty acids from tall oil). 

Name Chai Dou Cotto Cocon Palm Corn Palm Castor Rapese Rapese Soybe Siinflo Herrin Sardin Tallow Tall oil... 

Acid (chain length) Coconut Palm kernel Tallow Palm stearine Soybean Tall Oil High emcic rapeseed... 

Includes tallow and palm acids. IV = Iodine value. 

Unhardeaed whole cut tallow and palm acids contain 40—45% oleic acid, which is derived by separation technology. This used to be done by a pressing technique thereby the terminology pressed stearics. In the 1990s the separation is done usiag solvents and/or refrigeration techniques. Oleic and pressed stearics account for about one-third of all U.S. acid production. 

Cocoa butter substitutes and equivalents differ greatly with respect to their method of manufacture, source of fats, and functionaHty they are produced by several physical and chemical processes (17,18). Cocoa butter substitutes are produced from lauric acid fats such as coconut, palm, and palm kernel oils by fractionation and hydrogenation from domestic fats such as soy, com, and cotton seed oils by selective hydrogenation or from palm kernel stearines by fractionation. Cocoa butter equivalents can be produced from palm kernel oil and other specialty fats such as shea and ilHpe by fractional crystallization from glycerol and selected fatty acids by direct chemical synthesis or from edible beef tallow by acetone crystallization. 

Menhaden oil Neatsfoot oil Oleic acid Oleo oil Olive oil Palm oil Peanut oil Perilla oil Pine oil Rape seed oil Rosin oil Soya bean oil Sperm oil Tallow Tallow oil Tung oil Turpentine Whale oil... 

Common fats (butter, tallow) and oils (olive, palm, and peanut) are mixed esters each molecule has most often three, sometimes two, or, rarely, one kind of acid combined with a single glycerol. There are so many such combinations in a given sample that fats and oils do not have sharp melting or boiling points. Ranges are found instead. 

Today, soaps are made from fats and oils that react with lye (sodium hydroxide). Solid fats like coconut oil, palm oil, tallow (rendered beef fat), or lard (rendered pork fat), are used to form bars of soap that stay hard and resist dissolving in the water left in the soap dish. 

Commercial bar soaps contain sodium tallowate, sodium cocoate, sodium palmate, and similar ingredients, all of which are the results of reacting solid fats—tallow, coconut oil, and palm kernel oil, respectively—with lye. 

The raw materials for the manufacture of soap, the alkali salts of saturated and unsaturated C10-C20 carboxylic acids, are natural fats and fatty oils, especially tallow oil and other animal fats (lard), coconut oil, palm kernel oil, peanut oil, and even olive oil. In addition, the tall oil fatty acids, which are obtained in the kraft pulping process, are used for soap production. A typical formulation of fats for the manufacture of soap contains 80-90% tallow oil and 10-20% coconut oil [2]. For the manufacture of soft soaps, the potassium salts of fatty acids are used, as are linseed oil, soybean oil, and cottonseed oil acids. High-quality soap can only be produced by high-quality fats, independent of the soap being produced by saponification of the natural fat with caustic soda solution or by neutralization of distilled fatty acids, obtained by hydrolysis of fats, with soda or caustic soda solutions. Fatty acids produced by paraffin wax oxidation are of inferior quality due to a high content of unwanted byproducts. Therefore in industrially developed countries these fatty acids are not used for the manufacture of soap. This now seems to be true as well for the developing countries. 

After bleaching, the a-sulfonated ester has to be neutralized with sodium hydroxide or some other aqueous base to obtain the salt. Hydrolysis of the ester groups is avoided if the temperature does not exceed 45 °C and the pH is between 7.5 and 9. Neutralization is thus performed in a continuous process to ensure pH control and effective heat removal [33]. The concentration of the NaOH solution has to be calculated so that a slurry is obtained that has a low viscosity so as to facilitate further processing. For example, neutralization can produce a 40% aqueous slurry of sodium palm kernel methyl ester a-sulfonate or a 25% aqueous slurry of sodium tallow methyl ester a-sulfonate [33],... 

A detergent, imparting better flexibility to cotton cloth is produced by adding 1% sodium a-sulfo hardened tallow fatty acid methyl ester and 9% disodium a-sulfo hardened palm oil fatty acid to a mixture of 5% sodium n-dodecyl-benzenesulfonate, 5% a-C16-olefmsulfonate, 3% dimethyldistearylammonium chloride, 15% zeolite, 10% sodium silicate, 10% sodium carbonate, 2% soap, 35% Na2S04-7H20, and 5% water [84],... 

Nowadays these compounds are usually blended with other surfactants, including nonionic types (section 9.6). In 1990 a typical low- or non-phosphate domestic detergent contained 7% linear alkylbenzenesulphonate and 6% nonionic fatty alcohol ethoxylate [16]. There is increasing use of the long-chain fatty alcohol poly(oxyethylene) sulphates previously described (e.g. 9.12) as a partial or complete replacement for linear alkylbenzenesulphonates [15] since they are made from renewable feedstocks such as tallow and palm oil [16]. 

Surfactants can be produced from both petrochemical resources and/or renewable, mostly oleochemical, feedstocks. Crude oil and natural gas make up the first class while palm oil (+kernel oil), tallow and coconut oil are the most relevant representatives of the group of renewable resources. Though the worldwide supplies of crude oil and natural gas are limited—estimated in 1996 at 131 X 1091 and 77 X 109 m3, respectively [28]—it is not expected that this will cause concern in the coming decades or even until the next century. In this respect it should be stressed that surfactant products only represent 1.5% of all petrochemical uses. Regarding the petrochemically derived raw materials, the main starting products comprise ethylene, n-paraffins and benzene obtained from crude oil by industrial processes such as distillation, cracking and adsorption/desorption. The primary products are subsequently converted to a series of intermediates like a-olefins, oxo-alcohols, primary alcohols, ethylene oxide and alkyl benzenes, which are then further modified to yield the desired surfactants. 

Oleochemical alcohols, sometimes known as natural alcohols, are also identified by the carbon range C12-C14 lauric, Ci6-Ci8 tallow, regardless of the origin of the raw material. C1(-i-C18 alcohols were predominantly produced in the past from tallow, hence their name, although today they are also widely produced from palm oil. Lauric range alcohols are produced from either coconut oil or from palm kernel oil. 

The sources of oils and fats are various vegetable and animal raw materials (e.g., tallow, lard), with the vegetable raw materials soybean, palm, rapeseed and sun-... 

Methyl Acetate Methyl Amyl Acetate Octyl Epoxy Tallate Olive Oil Palm Oil Peanut Oil Propyl Acetate Safflower Oil Soybean Oil Tallow Tucum Oil Vegetable Oil... 

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