Cervical

Estrogens stimulate cellular proliferation, induce RNA and protein synthesis of uterine endometrium and the fibrous connective tissue framework for ovaries, and increase the size of the cells. This effect leads to the growth and regeneration of the endometrial layer and spinal arterioles, and increase in the number and size of endometrial glands. Under the influence of estrogen, vaginal mucosa becomes thicker, as cervical mucus becomes thinner (85,86). 

Pentoxifylline is stmcturaHy related to other methylxanthine derivatives such as caffeine [58-02-2] (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine), theobromine [83-67-0] (3,7-dimethylxanthine), and theophylline [58-55-9] (3,7-dihydro-1,3-dimethyl-1 H-piirine-2,6-dione or 1,3-dimethylxanthine), which also show radioprotective activity in some instances, suggesting that methylxanthines as a dmg class may radioprotect through a common mechanism (see Alkaloids). In a retrospective analysis of cervical and endometrial cancer patients receiving primary or adjuvant XRT, no association between caffeine consumption and incidence of acute radiation effects has been found. However, there was a decreased incidence of severe late radiation injury in cervical cancer patients who consumed higher levels of caffeine at the time of thek XRT (121). The observed lack of correlation between caffeine consumption and acute radiation effects is consistent with laboratory investigations using pentoxifylline. 

Herpes Simplex. There are two types of herpes simplex vims (HSV) that infect humans. Type I causes orofacial lesions and 30% of the U.S. population suffers from recurrent episodes. Type II is responsible for genital disease and anywhere from 3 x 3 x 10 cases per year (including recurrent infections) occur. The primary source of neonatal herpes infections, which are severe and often fatal, is the mother infected with type II. In addition, there is evidence to suggest that cervical carcinoma may be associated with HSV-II infection (78—80). 

Long-acting progestins act primarily as ovulation inhibitors. An important secondary component is their effect on the cervical mucus and endometrium, achieved at circulating blood dmg levels below those required for ovulation inhibition (40). 

Various physical barrier devices are available for contraceptive use by men and women. Modem barrier methods such as diaphragms, condoms, and cervical caps were made possible by the discovery of the vulcanisation of mbber. 

The cervical cap birth control device has been available in Europe for many years and in the U.S. since late 1988. It is a small, mbber, dome-shaped device that fits snugly over the cervix. The cervical cap has some advantages over the diaphragm, but has not Hved up to widespread expectations that it would become an overwhelmingly popular method of contraception (100). 

Nacken-. cervical, -driise,/. cervical gland, nackt, a. naked, bare plain open, -friichtlg, a. (Bot.) gymnocarpous,... 

In more recent times, large doses of vitamin C have been claimed to prevent the common cold, cure infertility, delay the onset of symptoms in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), and inhibit the development of gastric and cervical cancers. None of these claims have been backed by medical evidence, however. In the largest study yet done of the effect of vitamin C on the common cojd, a meta-analysis of more than 100 separate trials covering 40,000 people found no difference in the incidence of colds between those who took supplemental vitamin G regularly and those who did not. When taken during a cold, however, vitamin C does appear to decrease the cold s duration by 8%. 

Human papilloma virus (HPV) Cervical cancer, oral cancer E6, E7 Inhibition of cell proliferation and colony formation... 

Botulinum neurotoxins are widely used as therapeutic agents to cause reduction or paralysis of skeletal muscle contraction. They are used to treat cervical dystonia, which causes regional involuntary muscle spasms often associated with pain. Moreover, they are used in strabism, blepharospasm, hemifacial spasm, and... 

As under most circumstances progesterone action will hold primacy over estrogenic effects, the cervical mucus, endometrium, and probably the fallopian tubes reflect progestational stimulation. The cervical mucus becomes thick and viscous and thus impervious to spermatozoa. The endometrium is in a state that is not receptive for implantation of a fertilized egg. Probably, the progestational impact on the secretory activity and peristalsis in the fallopian tubes also assists the general contraceptive effect. It is difficult, however, to assess the relative contribution of the various effects to the... 

Abu J, Batuwangala M, Herbert K et al (2005) Retinoic acid and retinoid receptors potential chemopreventive and therapeutic role in cervical cancer. Lancet Oncol 6 712-720... 

Other actions of estrogen include fluid retention, protein anabolism, thinning of the cervical mucus, and the inhibition or facilitation of ovulation. Estrogens contribute to the conservation of calcium and phosphorus, the growth of pubic and axillary hair, and pigmentation of the breast nipples and genitals. Estrogens also stimulate contraction of the fallopian tubes (which promotes movement of the ovum), modify the physical and chemical properties of the cervical mucus, and restore the endometrium after menstruation. 

The device is removed for the following reasons pelvic infection, endometritis, genital actinomycosis (a non contagious bacterial infection), intradable pelvic pain, pregnancy, endometrial or cervical malignancy, increase in length of the threads extending from the cervix or any other indication of partial expulsion. 

Hyperstimulation of the uterus during labor may lead to uterine Many with marked impairment of the uteroplacental blood flow, uterine rupture, cervical rupture, amniotic fluid embolism, and trauma to the infant. Overstimulation of the uterus is dangerousto both the fetusand the mother and may occur even when the drug is administered properly in a uterus that is hypersensitive to oxytocin. 

The human HS cycle can be considered broadly as a period which leads to the dramatic shift in activities of the transcriptional and translational machinery followed by eventual recovery and resumption of original activities preceding stress. Figure 1 depicts many of the key events in the HS cycle for a typical human cell line such as cervical carcinoma-derived HeLa cells. Most cells respond in an identical fashion, but some cell types that have distinctive HS responses. These differences are manifested by shifts in the relative concentrations of accumulated HS proteins and possibly in the pattern of posttranslational modifications. In all cases, however, the cellular stress response is heralded by induction of a specific transcription factor whose DNA binding activity facilitates increased expression of one or more of the stress-inducible genes. 

Gey, G.O., Coffman, W.D., Kubiek, M.T. (1952). Tissue culnire studies of the proliferative capacity of cervical carcinoma and normal epithelium. Cancer Res. 12.264-265. 

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