Cervical lymph node metastases

MMPs also act as predictors of recurrence or metastatic risk. High preoperative serum levels of MMP-2 or MMP-3 are predictive of recurrence in patients with advanced urotheliai carcinoma. Furthermore, high levels of MMP-2 in ovarian tumor cells can predict tumor recurrence. The expression of certain MMPs is predictive of metastatic risk. For example, expression of MMP-1 is associated with lymph node metastasis in cervical and peritoneal metastasis in gastric cancer. MMP inhibition may be a therapeutic strategy for cancer. ... 

Kodama J., Flasengaowa, Kusumoto T., et al. (2007) Association of CXCR4 and CCR7 chemokine receptor expression and lymph node metastasis in human cervical cancer. Ann Oncol., 18, 70-6. 

Zhang J. P., LuW. G., Ye F., et al. (2007) Study on CXCR4/SDF-1 alpha axis in lymph node metastasis of cervical squamous cell carcinoma. Ini J Gynecol Cancer., 17, 478-83. 

Yang YC, Lee ZY, Wu CC, et al. (2007b) CXCR4 expression is associated with pelvic lymph node metastasis in cervical adenocarcinoma. Int J Gynecol Cancer 17 676 686... 

Genetic diagnosis of micrometastasis based on SC antigen mRNA in cervical lymph nodes of head and neck cancer. Clin Exp Metastasis, 17, 593—599. 

Recurrent cervical cancer is associated with bone metastases (Fig. 7.39) in 15%-29% of patients at autopsy [ too, 103]. Typical locations are the bony pelvis as well as the lumbar and other vertebral bodies. Bone metastases in the ribs and extremities are less common. Skeletal metastases typically have an osteolytic character and originate from locally advanced or recurrent tumor in the pelvic sidewall or arise through retrograde tumor spread in patients with para-aor-tic lymph node metastasis [104]. Hematogenous dissemination to the skeleton occurs late. MRl with unenhanced and contrast-enhanced fat-saturated Tl-weighted sequences depicts bone metastases as hyperintense lesions in the low-intensity bone marrow with a high sensitivity. CT primarily shows the extent of osseous destruction. 

Kim SH, Kim SC, Choi BI, Han MC (1994) Uterine cervical carcinoma evaluation of pelvic lymph node metastasis with MR imaging. Radiology 190 807-811... 

Fig. 15.5a,b. Large lymph node metastasis at the left pelvic wall with encasement of the external iliac vessels, (a) Coronal T2w TSE image and (b) axial Tlw TSE image in a patient with advanced cervical cancer... 

Leo C, Richter C, Horn L-C, Schiitz A, Pilch H, Hockel M (2005) Expression of Apaf-1 in cervical cancer correlates with lymph node metastasis but not with intratumoral hypoxia. Gynecol Oncol 97 602-606... 

Fig. 34.3. FDOPA images (CT on the left, fused images in the middle, and whole-body PET [MIP] on the right) of a patient after thyroidectomy for medullary thyroid carcinoma (6 years ago), actually presenting with elevated calcitonin levels. PET shows pathologically increased uptake in a normal sized cervical lymph node (upper row) and in two lesions within the thyroid bed Surgery confirmed local recurrence of MTC and lymph node metastasis in this patient. Calcitonin levels normalized following surgery...

Mlb Nonregional lymph nodes and/or other distant metastasis Tumors of the upper thoracic esophagus Mia Metastasis in cervical nodes Mlb Other distant metastasis... 

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