Cervical cells

Recent studies using vaginal-cervical cells suggest yet another mechanism for the early stage of tight junctional disassembly, namely, the breakdown of occludin 65-kDa isoform to the lesser functional 50-kDa isoform. Occludin appears to constitutively undergo calpain-mediated proteolysis, increasing the amount of non-functional 50-kDa isoform [35, 43], As described above,... 

The vaginal-cervical epithelium system was therefore used to probe pcr in order to understand mechanisms that control and regulate / lis- Data summarized below suggest that both estrogen status and aging may critically affect the 7 lis of vaginal-cervical cells in women. 

In human vaginal-cervical cells, the estrogen-induced increase in permeability is mediated in part by decreases in R, s that involve fragmentation of the cytoskeleton [23], The effects of estrogen on cytoskeletal organization involve modulation of both cortical actin [29] and myosin [45] (Figure 15.4A, C, D). 

Gorodeski GI, Hopfer U, Eckert RL, Utian WH, De-Santis BJ, Rorke ER, and Romero MF [1994] ATP decreases acutely and reversibly transport through the paracellular pathway in human uterine cervical cells. Am J Physiol 266 0 692-0698... 

Gorodeski GI, Wenwu J, and Hopfer U [1997] Extracellular Ca2+ directly regulates tight junctional permeability in the human cervical cell line CaSki. Am J Physiol 272 C511-C524... 

Gorodeski GI, Eckert RL, Pal D, Utian WH, and Rorke EA [1997] Retinoids regulate tight junctional resistance of cultured human cervical cells. Am J Physiol 273 C1707-C1713... 

Gorodeski GI, Hopfer U, and Wenwu J [1998] Purinergic receptor induced changes in paracellular resistance across cultures of human cervical cells are mediated by two distinct cytosolic calcium related mechanisms. Cell Biochem Biophys 29 281-306... 

Gorodeski GI, Burfeind F, Uin Gan S, Pal D, and Abdul-Karim F [1998] Regulation by retinoids of P2Y2 nucleotide receptor rnRNA in human uterine cervical cells. Am J Physiol 275 C758-C765... 

Gorodeski GI [2004] Estrogen attenuates P2X7-R—mediated apoptosis of uterine cervical cells by blocking calcium influx. Nucleosides Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids 23 209-215... 

Chiriboga, L., Xie, R, Vigorita, V., Zarou, D., Zakim, D. and Diem, M. (1997) Infrared spectroscopy of human tissue. II. A comparative study of spectra of biopsies of cervical squamous epithelium and of exfoliated cervical cells. Biospectroscopy 4, 55-9. 

Chiriboga, L., Diem, M. and Wood, B. R. (2003) Letter in response to infrared spectral features of exfoliated cervical cells, cervical adenocarcinoma tissue and adenocarcinoma cell line . Gynecol. Oncol. 91, 275-6. 

Romeo, M. J., Quinn, M. A., Wood, B. R. and McNaughton, D. (1999) An investigation into hormonal influences on cervical cells using FTIR spectroscopy. In Spectroscopy of Biological Molecules New Directions (J. Greve, G. J. Puppels and C. Otto, eds), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 447-8. 

Kaushal, G., Trombetta, L., Ochs, R. S., and Shao, J. (2006), Delivery of TEM beta-lactamase by gene-transformed Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis through cervical cell monolayer, Int. J. Pharm., 313, 29-35. 

The cervical cells were obtained via a routine gynecological examination, and stored on the collection devices in fixative until a satisfactory cytological reading was established (these samples otherwise would have been discarded). Consent to participate in this project was obtained from each patient. In aU of the studies reported below, storage of the fixative was shown not to cause any spectral degeneration of the cells. 

This section contains spectral results collected from entire individual cells, with the specific aim of differentiating between cell types that occur in samples of cells. The long-range goal of these studies has been the development of a completely automatic method to perform spectral cytology-that is, to analyze a sample of exfoliated cells (e.g., cervical cells obtained during the Pap cervical cancer screening procedure) for the presence of abnormal cells. 

In our original studies [20], we proceeded to compare the human buccal cells to canine cervical cells, and found that IR spectroscopy/PCA could distinguish between the cell types. It was possible to explain this effect in terms of cell matura-hon, which was further confirmed recently for human cervical cells. Thus, we shall present the canine model in Sechon 5.3.2.3 along with the results from human cervical cells. 

Previously, a number of studies were reported involving canine cervical cells [20] in which it was shown that mature and immature squamous cervical cells could... 

It is interesting to note that, whilst mature canine cervical cells could not be differentiated [20] from mature human buccal cells (which have a similar size and morphology), human and canine cervical cells may be very easily differentiated, as canine cells never accumulate glycogen whereas human cells are generally glycogen-rich. 

The spectral patterns of human cervical cells may also depend on their degree of maturity. It is difficult to collect a sufficient number of immature cervical cells from normal women, as the majority of cells (see above) are mature superficial cells. However, in post-menopausal women who are not receiving hormone replacement therapy the reduced estrogen levels prevent complete maturation of the squamous cells, and consequently significantly more immature cells are found in the cervical exfoliates. This in turn has allowed studies to be conducted on the influence of hormone levels on the spectral properties of human cervical cells. 

Figure 5.6 Spectra and distinction of human cervical cells, (a, b) Spectra and images of superficial and intermediate cell of premenopausal women, respectively (c, d) Spectra and images of superficial and intermediate cell of a postmenopausal woman,...

Wong, P., Wong, R., Caputo, T., Godwin, T. and Rigas, B. (1991) Infrared spectroscopy of exfoliated human cervical cells evidence of extensive structural... 

Biomedical Central article [9]). Moreover, 3-D FT-IR multivariate processing enables the visualization of thick tissue sections that cannot normally be analyzed using conventional mid-lR spectroscopic techniques, due to the limited depth penetration of IR radiation. The thin sections (4 pm) required for use with the Kevley slides are less than the thickness of a single cervical cell consequently, the... 

In clinical trials, both Gardasil and the GSK vaccine showed stunning results. The vaccines prevented persistent infection in 100% of the vaccinated women and reduced cervical cell abnormalities by more than 90%. Initial vaccines were based on the HPV 16 and 18 strains. Merck has since produced a quadravalent vaccine that includes two other strains, 6 and 11. 

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