Cervical mortality

In humans methylene chloride exposure has been associated with a wide variety of cancers in a number of cohort and case control studies pancreatic, prostate, lung, liver, cervical, breast, and astrocytic brain tumors have been reported. Limitations in these studies include small sample size, incomplete exposure information, and concomitant exposure to other carcinogenic substances. The lARC has stated that there is not a sufficiently consistent elevation of risk across studies to make a causal interpretation credible. In a recent study of 1473 workers, followed for nearly 50 years, methylene chloride exposure level was not related to mortality due to all causes, malignant neoplasms, or lung and pancreatic cancers. ... 

Data from the classic Nurses Health Study, followed up in 1994, reflected no difference in all-cause mortality between women who had ever used oral contraceptives and those who had never used them (7). There was also no increase in mortality associated with duration of use and no relation with time since first use or time since last use. Similarly, in the OFPA (Oxford) study, the overall 20-year mortality risk for oral contraceptive users compared with women using diaphragms or IUCDs was 0.9, suggesting no effect (8). Although the number of deaths from each cause was small, the pattern is consistent with the risks found in other studies. Oral contraceptive users had somewhat higher death rates from ischemic heart disease and cervical cancer, but lower rates of ovarian cancer mortality. Breast cancer mortality was similar for oral contraceptive users and non-users. 

Human carcinogenicity data on TCE are conflicting (ref. 35. P-298). An excess of cervical, lung and skin cancers, and a slight excess of leukemia and liver cancers in 330 laundry and dry cleaning employees was reported by Blair et al. (1979. ref. 64a). However, a study by Tola and coworkers (1980) found no increase in cancer mortality among 2117 exposed workers (ref. 64b). Weisburger (ref. 44) reported an increase in hepatocellular carcinomas in mice but not in rats. 

This operation was performed for late carotid rupture following neck trauma in an attempted suicide. The first successful ligation for carotid aneurysm was performed five years later in London by Astley Cooper (Cooper 1836). By 1868, Pilz was able to collect 600 recorded cases of carotid ligation for cervical aneurysm or hemorrhage, with an overall mortality of 43% (Hamby 1952). In 1878, an American surgeon named John Wyeth reported a 41% mortality in a collected study of 898 common carotid ligations, and contrasted this with a 4.5% mortality for ligation of the external carotid artery. 

Papillomavirus infections usually cause benign epithelial papillomas, but a subset of human papillomaviruses is associated with cervical cancer [137]. More than 90% of cervical cancers are associated with sexually transmitted genital human papillomavirus. Because of this high degree of association and the high mortality rate of cervical cancer, it is of great importance to understand the mechanism of antibody-mediated neutralization to facilitate vaccine development. 

A prospective American Cancer Society study found an increase in the mortality rates for colorectal and prostate cancer in overweight men and for endometrial, gallbladder, cervical, ovarian and breast cancer in overweight women (Lew 1985). An association with obesity is now firmly established for breast cancer in post-menopausal women, as well as for endometrial cancer and for renal cell cancer. Obesity may also play a part in the pathogenesis of colorectal, prostatic and pancreatic cancers in men (Caroll 1998). 

Problem Mortality from cervical cancer, the single greatest killer of adult women in Nicaragua. 

Early detection by means of colposcopic and cytologic screening has considerably lowered the incidence and mortality of cervical cancer since the... 

Injuries to the spine are rare in children but can contribute to significant morbidity and mortality. Mortality is usually due to associated injuries particularly to the cranium. Whilst cervical spine injury accounts for 30%-40% of all spinal injuries in adults, 60%-80% of all spinal injuries in children are in the cervical region (Rekate et al.l999). 

Carcinoma of the uterine cervix is the third most common malignancy in women worldwide after breast and colorectal cancers (Parkin et al. 1999). Approximately 371,200 new cases of cervical cancer occur each year throughout the world, accounting for 10% of all cancers in women. The American Cancer Society estimated that 12,900 cases of invasive cervical cancer were expected to be diagnosed in 2001 in the United States. Primarily because of screening with the Pap smear, the incidence and mortality rates for cervical cancer have declined in most developed countries. Between 1993 and 1997, the incidence rate in black women (11.4 per 100,000) was higher than the rate in white women (7.1 per 100,000). An estimated 4,400 cervical cancer deaths were expected to occur in 2001 in the U.S. Since 1982, cervical cancer mortality rates have declined at an average of about 1.5% per year. 

Although cervical cancer is invasive, its early detection leads to higher chance of cure. A regular screening reduces mortality of women due to cervical cancer [3]. 

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