Cervical cancer vaccine

Gardasil was approved by the FDA in 2006. It is a quadrivalent recombinant vaccine against the human papilloma vims (HPV), more specifically against types 6, 11, 16 and 18. It is able to reduce pre-cancerous cervical, vaginal and vulvar lesions, associated with HPV types 16 and 18, as well as condylomas associated with HPV types 6 and 11. With the approval of the first HPV vaccine, cervical cancer now has a primary prevention tool. 

A new subunit recombinant vaccine is Gardasil it is a tetravalent vaccine against human papillomavirus (HPV) implicated in cervical cancer. See Exhibit 4.5 for details. 

Gardasil is a noninfectious recombinant vaccine consisting of capsid proteins from four different human papillomaviruses (HPVs) of types 6,11, 16, and 18. HPV causes squamous cell cervical cancer and cervical adenocarcinoma, as well as 35-50% of vulvar and vaginal cancers. 

This case study presents the clinical trials performed for Plavix (an antiplatelet) and Gardasil (a vaccine against cervical cancer). 

Gardasil is a quadrivalent vaccine of the human papilloma virus (type 6, 11, 16, 18). It is used for the prevention of cervical cancer and other pre-cancerous lesions. It should be given early in a female s sexual life and it is licensed for use in females between 9 and 26 years of age. Administration is by intramuscular injection and three doses are required. Because the vaccine does not protect against all the strains of the virus, cervical screening is still required. Duration of protection after a complete course is... 

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a necessary factor in the development of nearly all cases of cervical cancer. A recently approved HPV vaccine, Gardasil, that blocks initial infection with several of the most common sexually transmitted HPV types may lead to significant decreases in the incidence of HPV-induced cancer (see Lowy et ah, 2006). 

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the causative agent of virtually all cases of cervical cancer and one of the most common of the sexually transmitted diseases. Cervical cancer remains a main cause of cancer-related death in many developing countries. Current vaccines are too expensive... 

It makes Cozaar and Hyzaar for hypertension Vytorin, Zetia, and Zocor to lower cholesterol Pro-pecia for male-pattern baldness Singulair for asthma Fosamax for osteoporosis and Gardasil, a vaccine for cervical cancer but it is also well known for making Vioxx, a pain relief drug taken off the market for causing heart problems. 

Muderspach, L., Wilczynski, S., Roman, L., et al. (2000) A phase I trial of a human papillomavirus (HPV) peptide vaccine for women with high-grade cervical and vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia who are HPV 16 positive. Clin. Cancer Res. 6, 3406-3416. 

Moyle PM, Barozzi N, Wimmer N, Olive C, Good M, Toth I (2005) Development of peptide vaccines against HPV-16 associated cervical cancer and group A streptococci. Biopolymers 80(4) 556-557... 

Several DNA viruses are associated with, and are important in, the etiology of certain human cancers. For example, chronic infection with hepatitis B or C virus (HBV, HCV) is associated with liver cancer, infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 and type 18 is associated with cervical cancer, and infection with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with Burkitt s lymphoma. About one-fifth of human cancer worldwide is associated with DNA oncogenic viruses. In 2006, the FDA approved a vaccine against HPV 16 and 18, which are responsible for about 70% of cervical cancer cases. 

Papillomavirus infections usually cause benign epithelial papillomas, but a subset of human papillomaviruses is associated with cervical cancer [137]. More than 90% of cervical cancers are associated with sexually transmitted genital human papillomavirus. Because of this high degree of association and the high mortality rate of cervical cancer, it is of great importance to understand the mechanism of antibody-mediated neutralization to facilitate vaccine development. 

Indications For prevention of HPVgenital warts, cervical cancers and vulvar dysplasias Category Vaccine Half-life N/A... 

Roden, R. andWu,T.C. (2006) How will HPV vaccines affect cervical cancer ... 

Monie A, Hung CF, Roden R, Wu TC (2008) Cervarix a vaccine for the prevention of HPV 16, 18-associated cervical cancer. Biologies 2 97-105... 

Typical types. An international ranking of HPV types that put women at high risk of cervical cancer shows that the six most common ones account for nearly 90% of the cases. The Merck and GSK vaccines, now in efficacy trials, both contain HPV 16 and 18, the two most responsible for causing cervical cancer. (Reprinted by permission of Science Magazine from High Hopes and Dilemmas for a Cervical Cancer Vacane by Jon Cohen, 308, 621 [2005].)... 

Cohen, J. High Hopes and Dilemmas for a Cervical Cancer Vaccine. Scimce 308, 618-621 (2005) [An overview of the issues surrounding a cervical cancer vaccine]. 

---