Birth control

6 ENHANCEMENT OF PLANTS FOR NUTRITIONAL OR MEDICINAL PURPOSES (NUTRICEUTICALS) 

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The cervical cap birth control device has been available in Europe for many years and in the U.S. since late 1988. It is a small, mbber, dome-shaped device that fits snugly over the cervix. The cervical cap has some advantages over the diaphragm, but has not Hved up to widespread expectations that it would become an overwhelmingly popular method of contraception (100). 

Norplant System. The Norplant System is a long-term system for birth control (see Contraceptives). Investigation of this type of system began ia the eady 1960s, and a patent on the technology was issued ia 1966 (90). 

Finally, a new class of antispermatogenic agents containing the same fundamental structure cited above has been described (76JMC778). 1-Halobenzyl-l J/-indazole-3-carboxylic acids are potentially useful for birth control, and because they act after a single administration they are of interest for the physiological study of the male reproductive system. 

Women prescribed ampicillin, bacampicillin, and penicillin V who take birth control pills containing estrogen should use additional contraception measures. 

Use an additional metiiod of birth control (as recommended by the primary health care provider) until after the first week in the initial cycle... 

A patient calls the outpatient clinic and says that she missed one day s dose of her birth control pills. Which of tiie following statements would be most appropriate for the nurse to make to the patient ... 

Je a means of delivering drugs over a at a controlled rate inside the bodv. Sub- skin) implants are used to provide appro-loactive medications, birth-control drugs,... 

Spironolactone is an antiandrogen which blocks androgen-receptors, alters steroidogenesis by adrenals and gonads and inhibits 5-a reductase. In doses of 100-200 mg daily it reduces sebum production and improves inflammatory acne in women. During treatment, birth control measures are required due to the risk of male fetus feminization. 

As noted above, many of the AEDs induce hepatic microsomal enzyme systems and thus reduce the effectiveness of hormonal contraceptives. Women taking AEDs that may reduce the effectiveness of hormonal contraceptives should be encouraged to also use other forms of birth control. Due to induction or inhibition of sex hormone metabolism and changes in binding of hormones to sex hormone binding globulin, some AEDs may reduce fertility. For example, valproate has been associated with a drug-induced polycystic ovarian syndrome. Women who experience difficulties with fertility should seek the advice of health care professionals with expertise in fertility. 

As discussed later in this chapter, contraindications exist for various forms of contraception. Patients must be evaluated completely by a health care professional to rule out any medical contraindications to certain contraceptives. The physical examination also will allow health care professionals to determine if there are other medical concerns, such as hypertension, diabetes, or liver disease, that need to be considered when determining the appropriate contraceptive agent. Clinicians also should review family history for potential risks with certain forms of birth control. 

RC, a 22-year-old woman, presents to your clinic requesting information on contraception. You begin to take a history and determine that the patient is currently sexually active and is not using any method of birth control. Her past medical history is significant only for acne, and she takes no medications except occasional ibuprofen for menstrual cramps. On further questioning, you discover that she has a positive family history for hypertension and coronary artery disease. As you begin to discuss various contraceptive options with the patient, it is clear that she has a preference for an oral contraceptive agent. 

Patients of childbearing potential and their partners must be counseled to (1) use proper birth control while undergoing treatment for rheumatoid arthritis and (2) discontinue medications at least 3 months before conception. 

Male patients with RA must receive counseling about the effects of certain medications on their fertility and potential harm to the fetus. It is difficult to establish causality between use of a medication by a male and the effect on fertility or fetal development therefore, a conservative approach must be taken. Patients of childbearing potential and their partners must be counseled to (1) use proper birth control while undergoing treatment for RA and (2) discontinue medications at least 3 months before conception.37... 

Women of reproductive potential prescribed efavirenz should be counseled on its potentially teratogenic effects and the importance of birth control. Additionally, nevirapine, nelfinavir, ritonavir, lopinavir/ritonavir, and tipranavir/ritonavir have been shown to decrease the concentrations of estrogens and/or progestins in oral contraceptives, which could lead to failure.2 For patients prescribed these drugs, barrier forms of contraception are preferred to prevent pregnancy. DepoProvera may be... 

AIDS Acquired immune-deficiency syndrome BCP Birth control pill... 

Help humans control their population growth by inventing birth control methods that are safe and effective, inexpensive, and widely available and accepted. 

There are serious questions about the effect of continued growth of the human population. We often focus on the matter of adequate food production, but large populations also affect the environment and our need for energy. Chemists can furnish the tools to help deal with the political and social questions. Some population growth occurs not because it is intentional, but because adequate methods for birth control are unavailable to people in poor countries. Thus one challenge for chemists is to develop better methods that would be safe, effective, and inexpensive and would enable all people to pursue their own decisions regarding population growth. 

Few, if any, products are administered via the vagina that are intended for systemic absorption. Thus, this route has not been as widely studied and characterized as others. On the other hand, large numbers of different products (douches, spermicides, antiyeast agents, etc.) have been developed that require introduction into the vagina in order to assert their localized effects. Increased research into different birth control and antiviral prophylaxis will result in more vaginal products in the future. All these must be assessed for vaginal irritation potential, and this serves as an example of the other tissue tolerance issues. 

One need look further, at the complex crosscurrents at the confluence of capitalism, republicanism, and the diasporic sensibilities of various racially defined groups themselves. In his satiric novel The Man Who Knew Coolidge (1928), Sinclair Lewis pointed out one of the critical integers in the equation of race and economics. Amid a harangue about the political debates surrounding birth control, Lewis s Nordic Citizen remarks,... 

Reverence for life, in one sense or another, is reflected in societal and political problems. In the United States at this time, vigorous debate, and sometimes violence, is elicited by concerns about birth control, abortion, the cloning of stem cells, and the death penalty. 

I. Birch, A. J. J. Chem. Soc. 1944, 430. Arthur Birch (1915—1995), an Australian, developed the Birch reduction at Oxford University dnring WWIl in Robert Robinson s laboratory. The Birch reduction was instrumental to the discovery of the birth control pill and many other drugs. 

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