Cervical pregnancy

Werber J, Prasadarao PR, Harris VJ (1983) Cervical pregnancy diagnosed by ultrasound. Radiology 149 279-280... 

Ushakov FB, Elchalal U, Aceman PJ et al (1997) Cervical pregnancy past and future. Obstet Gynecol Surv 52 45-59... 

The device is removed for the following reasons pelvic infection, endometritis, genital actinomycosis (a non contagious bacterial infection), intradable pelvic pain, pregnancy, endometrial or cervical malignancy, increase in length of the threads extending from the cervix or any other indication of partial expulsion. 

IV rt-PA has been safely given in patients with cervical arterial dissection There are four reports of IV rt-PA use in pregnancy, with one case complicated by intrauterine hematoma,rt-PA should be used in this setting only after careful assessment of the risks and benefits. There is insufficient data to determine the benefit of rt-PA in the pediatric population, with no randomized trials. 

CF patients often experience delayed puberty. In females, menarche occurs 18 months later than average, and menstrual irregularity is common. Females also have reduced fertility due to increased viscosity of cervical mucus. Due to increasing life expectancy, pregnancy is becoming more common however, outcomes depend on pre-partum nutritional and pulmonary status. 

Although suppression of FSH and LH is the primary mechanism by which combined oral contraceptives prevent ovulation, there are other mechanisms by which these hormones work to prevent pregnancy. Other mechanisms include reduced penetration of the egg by sperm, reduced implantation of fertilized eggs, thickening of cervical mucus to prevent sperm penetration into the upper genital tract, and slowed tubal motility, which may delay transport of sperm.1 Thus, in... 

There are potential side effects of IUD use. The most common adverse effects are cramping, abnormal uterine bleeding, and expulsion of the device. Other side effects seen are ectopic pregnancy, sepsis, PID, embedment of the device, uterine or cervical perforation, and ovarian cysts.40,41... 

Complications Epididymitis and chronic prostatitis (uncommon) Male infertility (decreased sperm motility and viability) Pelvic inflammatory disease and associated complications (i.e., ectopic pregnancy, infertility) Premature labor, premature rupture of membranes, and low-birth-weight infants (risk of neonatal infections is low) Cervical neoplasia... 

These combined contraceptives seem to function by inducing feedback inhibition of gonadotrophin secretion which, in turn, inhibits the process of ovulation (Chapter 8). They also induce alterations in the endometrial tissue that may prevent implantation. Furthermore, the progestogen promotes thickening of the cervical mucus, which renders it less hospitable to sperm cells. This combination of effects is quite effective in preventing pregnancy. 

Other physiological events must occur at the end of pregnancy to facilitate birth. The cervix begins to soften cervical ripening) as a direct result of connective tissue... 

Birth control may also involve a spermicide, such as the nonoxynol-9 shown in Table 14.3. When used in conjunction with a barrier device, such as a condom or a cervical diaphragm, spermicides can be close to 95 percent effective at preventing pregnancy. 

First- and second-trimester abortion Cervical reopening Induction of labor Augmentation of labor Postpartum hemorrhage Ectopic pregnancy Lactation suppression In gastrointestinal disease Peptic ulceration Liver transplantation Chemotherapy-induced mucosal lesions In cardiovascular disease Congenital cardiac malformations Raynaud s syndrome Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Adult respiratory distress syndrome Pulmonary hypertension Arterial occlusive disease Extracorporeal circulation In urology Erectile dysfunction... 

Vimala N, Mittal S, Kumar S, Dadhwal V, Sharma Y. A randomized comparison of sublingual and vaginal misoprostol for cervical priming before suction termination of first-trimester pregnancy. Contraception 2004 70 117-20. 

Long-term data are also accumulating on the actual incidence of genital cancer in women exposed to diethylstilbestrol in utero (38). In the Netherlands, a country in which diethylstilbestrol was used intensively in pregnancy, there is evidence that the risk of cervical cancer in these women is trebled, rather than doubled as was previously supposed (39). 

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